Generalized Verbal Behavior Increases Following a Speaker Immersion Intervention.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Naresh A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7736436 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:When infants and adults communicate, they exchange social signals of availability and communicative intention such as eye gaze. Previous research indicates that when communication is successful, close temporal dependencies arise between adult speakers' and listeners' neural activity. However, it is not known whether similar neural contingencies exist within adult-infant dyads. Here, we used dual-electroencephalography to assess whether direct gaze increases neural coupling between adults and infants during screen-based and live interactions. In experiment 1 (n = 17), infants viewed videos of an adult who was singing nursery rhymes with (i) direct gaze (looking forward), (ii) indirect gaze (head and eyes averted by 20°), or (iii) direct-oblique gaze (head averted but eyes orientated forward). In experiment 2 (n = 19), infants viewed the same adult in a live context, singing with direct or indirect gaze. Gaze-related changes in adult-infant neural network connectivity were measured using partial directed coherence. Across both experiments, the adult had a significant (Granger) causal influence on infants' neural activity, which was stronger during direct and direct-oblique gaze relative to indirect gaze. During live interactions, infants also influenced the adult more during direct than indirect gaze. Further, infants vocalized more frequently during live direct gaze, and individual infants who vocalized longer also elicited stronger synchronization from the adult. These results demonstrate that direct gaze strengthens bidirectional adult-infant neural connectivity during communication. Thus, ostensive social signals could act to bring brains into mutual temporal alignment, creating a joint-networked state that is structured to facilitate information transfer during early communication and learning.
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Project description:BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is very common in patients who are at a high risk of developing incident heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, the harmful effect of CKD on incident HFrEF has not yet been examined among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsPatients undergoing PCI with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 40% were included from January 2007 to December 2018 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04407936). We defined incident HFrEF as a follow-up LVEF of <40% within 3-12 months after discharge. Multivariable logistical regression was performed to examine the association of CKD with incident HFrEF.ResultsOverall, of 2,356 patients (mean age 62.4 ± 10.7 years, 22.2% women), 435 (18.5%) had CKD, and 83 (3.5%) developed incident HFrEF following PCI. The rate of incident HFrEF in the CKD group was higher than that in the non-CKD group (6.9 vs. 2.8%; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that CKD was an independent risk factor of incident HFrEF [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.03-2.92; p = 0.035] after adjustment for confounders including age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure (CHF), baseline LVEF, ACEI/ARB, and statins. Furthermore, patients with incident HFrEF have a higher ratio of all-cause mortality compared to those without HFrEF (26.5 vs. 8.1%; p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results suggested that CKD was associated with increased risk of incident HFrEF, which was related to higher all-cause mortality in patients with CAD undergoing PCI. On this basis, more aggressive measures should be taken to prevent patients with CKD undergoing PCI from developing HFrEF.
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Project description:Responsive feeding, defined as the positive environment and caregiving behaviors that encourage children to eat, is critical to their physical, mental, and social development. However, research and programs designed to foster responsive feeding have been limited. This research tested the hypothesis that caregiver encouragement, caregiver and child behaviors, and other feeding characteristics were associated with acceptance of food. A total of 91 mother/child pairs in rural, northern Vietnam were videotaped during 2 2-h feeding episodes. Children were 12 and 17 mo of age at the time of study. Caregiver and child behaviors were coded at the level of the "intended bite" (7135 bites total). Feeding episodes were marked by few physical actions and minimal verbal encouragement by caregivers. Results from generalized linear mixed models suggest that when caregivers provided children with positive comments, children were 2.4 times as likely to accept bites compared with when no comments were given. Twelve-mo-olds who were in the caregiver's arms [odds ratio (OR) = 0.5] or lap (OR = 0.5) were significantly less likely than those who stood to accept bites. The 17-mo-olds who played were less likely than those with no physical action to accept bites. Play appeared to distract boys more than girls. In Vietnam, programs should help caregivers provide positive verbal encouragement to eat. Program planners and implementers may want to encourage caregivers to avoid force feeding and other forms of physical pressure. Further, mealtime should be seen as an opportunity to develop long-term feeding skills and encourage a healthy appetite.
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Project description:Although there is an extensive amount known about specific sensory and motor functions of the vertebrate brain, less is understood about the regulation of global brain states. We have recently proposed that a function termed generalized arousal (Ag) serves as the most elemental driving force in the nervous system, responsible for the initial activation of all behavioral responses. An animal with increased generalized CNS arousal is characterized by greater motor activity, increased responsivity to sensory stimuli, and greater emotional lability. Implicit in this theory was the prediction that increases in generalized arousal would augment specific motivated behaviors that depend on arousal. Here, we address the idea directly by testing two lines of mice bred for high or low levels of generalized arousal and assessing their responses in tests of specific forms of behavioral arousal, sex and anxiety/exploration. We report that animals selected for differential generalized arousal exhibit marked increases in sensory, motor, and emotional reactivity in our arousal assay. Furthermore, male mice selected for high levels of generalized arousal were excitable and showed more incomplete mounts before the first intromission (IN), but having achieved that IN, they exhibited far fewer IN before ejaculating, as well as ejaculating much sooner after the first IN, thus indicating a high level of sexual arousal. Additionally, high-arousal animals of both sexes exhibited greater levels of anxiety-like behaviors and reduced exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze and light-dark box tasks. Taken together, these data illustrate the impact of Ag on motivated behaviors.
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Project description:Sympathomimetics are effective, centrally acting drugs that induce weight loss through their potent anorexic and locomotor properties. We reported that sympathomimetics antagonize catecholamine-dependent, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor-dependent signal transduction mediated by chloride/bicarbonate transport. We posit that other drugs that target cellular chloride/bicarbonate antiport would similarly demonstrate anorectic properties, induce locomotion, and diminish weight gain. Male and female inbred mice were housed in groups or stressed by prolonged social isolation. Mice consumed either normal chow or a high fat, high fructose corn syrup, (i.e. "Western") diet. To inhibit chloride/bicarbonate transport, acetazolamide (ACT, 3 mM) was added to the drinking water. Rodents underwent evaluations of exploratory locomotion and learning with the object recognition test. Mice consuming a "Western" diet gain more weight compared to mice given a normal diet. When placed on a "Western" diet, stressed mice gained weight more rapidly than unstressed. The body weight of mice fed a normal diet with ACT was significantly reduced compared to control mice not given ACT (weight, g ± SEM), 23.7 ± 0.8 v. 21.0 ± 0.5, p = 0.02. ACT did not reduce weight gain in animals chronically maintained on a "Western" diet. Compared to unstressed mice, living in social isolation reduced spontaneous exploratory locomotion time, an indicator of anxiety, in male mice (sec +SEM) from 22.8 ± 3.5 to 12.2 ± 2.1 (p < 0.001), and in female mice, from 47 ± 5.7 to 19.6 ± 2.3 (p < 0.001). ACT had no effect on exploration time in unstressed mice, but ACT completely restored the diminished exploratory locomotion time found in stressed mice compared to unstressed mice. The ratio of time spent exploring new objects compared to familiar items (discrimination ratio [DR]) was reduced following social isolation in males from 2.6 ± 0.5 to 1.2 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05) and in females from 3.8 ± 0.6 to 1.5 ± 0.2 (p < 0.01). ACT normalized the DR ratio of the stressed mice. Decreased food consumption and greater locomotor activity induced by ACT may contribute to acute weight loss; this effect is diminished when rodents were maintained on an unhealthful Western diet. Inhibition of chloride/bicarbonate transport through agents such as acetazolamide could offer a safe, new approach to achieving weight loss.
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Project description:Short stress management interventions such as relaxation therapy have demonstrated preliminary effectiveness in reducing stress-related problems. A promising tool to strengthen the effectiveness of relaxation-based interventions is the use of verbal suggestions, as previous research provided evidence that verbal suggestions can induce positive outcome expectancies, facilitate adaptive responses to stress and improve health outcomes. The present experimental proof-of-concept study aimed to investigate the effects of a brief relaxation intervention and specifically the role of verbal suggestions on stress-related outcomes assessed by self-report questionnaires and psychophysiological data. 120 participants (mean age = 22.1 years) were randomized to one of four intervention conditions: a brief relaxation intervention plus verbal suggestions condition, a brief relaxation intervention only condition, a verbal suggestions only condition, and a control condition. Afterwards, participants were subjected to a psychosocial stress challenge to assess reactivity to a stressful event. Immediately after both relaxation interventions (with and without verbal suggestions), lower self-reported state anxiety was found compared to the control condition, but no differences were observed in response to the stressor. The verbal suggestions only condition did not impact state anxiety. No significant effects were found for verbal suggestion interventions on cortisol, alpha amylase, heart rate and skin conductance. This is the first study investigating the role of verbal suggestions in the effectiveness of a brief relaxation intervention. Although this experimental proof-of-concept study provides support for the effectiveness of a brief relaxation intervention in lowering state anxiety directly after the intervention, the effects did not impact the response to a subsequent stressor and we did not observe any evidence for the add-on effectiveness of verbal suggestions. The effectiveness of brief relaxation interventions on stress responses should be investigated further in future research by incorporating interventions that are tailored to the specific stress challenge and various types of verbal suggestions.
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Project description:Zebrafish embryos (ZFE) have increasingly gained in popularity as a model to perform safety screenings of compounds. Although immersion of ZFE is the main route of exposure used, evidence shows that not all small molecules are equally absorbed, possibly resulting in false-negative readouts and incorrect conclusions. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetics of seven fluorescent compounds with known physicochemical properties that were administered to two-cell stage embryos by immersion or by IY microinjection. Absorption and distribution of the dyes were followed at various timepoints up to 120 hpf by spatiotemporal fluorescence imaging. The concentration (10 µM) and dose (2 mg/kg) used were selected as quantities typically applied in preclinical experiments and zebrafish studies. The data show that in the case of a lipophilic compound (log D: 1.73) the immersion procedure resulted in an intrabody exposure which is similar or higher than that seen after the IY microinjection. In contrast, zero to low intrabody exposure was reached after immersion of the embryos with less lipophilic compounds. In the latter case IY microinjection, a technical procedure that can be easily automated, is highly recommended.
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