Toll-like receptor mediated lysozyme expression in Niemann-pick disease, type C1.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cougnoux A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7736542 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundNiemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by endolysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol with progressive deterioration in swallowing, often leading to premature death. Although documented, the natural history of NPC1 swallowing dysfunction has yet to be delineated systematically. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive characterization of the phenotypic spectrum and progression of swallowing dysfunction in NPC1.MethodologyThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) NPC1 natural history study (NCT00344331) enrolled 120 patients, who underwent comprehensive interpretative swallow assessments for swallowing safety, dietary modifications, and aspiration risk. Longitudinal statistical modeling accounted for all outcomes with NPC1 disease covariates (first symptom onset, age at neurological symptom onset, seizure history, duration of neurological symptoms) as well as miglustat use (a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor) and NIH study duration (NIHSD; the length of time an individual participated in the NIH study). Probabilities for disease progression and time to swallowing decline were conducted for the entire cohort.ResultsTime to swallowing decline with American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcome Measure (ASHA-NOMS) and the NIH-adapted Penetration Aspiration Scale (NIH-PAS) were identified: [Formula: see text] person-years and [Formula: see text] person-years, respectively. NIHSD and seizure history consistently and significantly were associated with decline (ORNIHSD = 1.34-2.10, 95% CI 1.04-3.4, p = 0.001-0.026; ORSeizure = 3.26-18.22, 1.03-167.79; p = 0.001-0.046), while miglustat use revealed protection (ORMiglustat = 0.01-0.43, 0.007-0.98; p = 0.001-0.044). The probability of decline with NPC1 neurological severity scale and annual severity increment scale were established with the aforementioned covariates, varying amongst subgroups.ConclusionThis study represents the most extensive collection of prospective, instrumental swallowing assessments in NPC1 to date with an interpretive analysis providing an improved understanding of NPC1 disease progression with swallowing function-serving as a foundation for clinical management and future NPC1 therapeutics.
| S-EPMC9446530 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the auditory phenotype in Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1), to understand better the natural history of this complex, heterogeneous disorder, and to define further the baseline auditory deficits associated with NPC1 so that use of potentially ototoxic interventions (e.g., 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin) may be more appropriately monitored and understood. DESIGN:Fifty patients with NPC1 ranging in age from 4 months to 21 years (mean = 9.3 years) enrolled in a natural history/observational study at the National Institutes of Health. The auditory test battery included, when possible, immittance audiometry, pure-tone and speech audiometry, otoacoustic emission testing, and a neurotologic auditory brainstem response study. Longitudinal data were collected on a subset of patients. RESULTS:Over half of the cohort exhibited hearing loss involving the high frequencies ranging from a slight to moderate degree, and 74% of patients presented with clinically significant hearing loss involving the frequencies most important to speech understanding (0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz). Despite the heterogeneity of the sample, results among patients were sufficiently consistent to implicate retrocochlear dysfunction in the majority (66%) of individuals, with (22%) or without (44%) accompanying cochlear involvement. Some patients (10%) presented with a profile for auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. The combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal data indicates these patients are at risk for a progressive decline in auditory function. CONCLUSIONS:This is the largest cohort of patients with NPC1 evaluated comprehensively for auditory dysfunction, and results implicate the pathological processes of NPC1 in the manifestation of hearing loss. Patients with NPC1 should be monitored audiologically throughout their lives, beginning at the time of diagnosis. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of this historically overlooked aspect of the phenotype.
| S-EPMC3895917 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. As only a few studies have been conducted on the impact of NPC on sensory systems, we used a mutant mouse model (NPC1(-/-)) to examine the effects of this disorder to morphologically distinct regions of the olfactory system, namely the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: For structural and functional analysis immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, western blotting, and electrophysiology have been applied. For histochemistry and western blotting, we used antibodies against a series of neuronal and glia marker proteins, as well as macrophage markers. NPC1(-/-) animals present myelin-like lysosomal deposits in virtually all types of cells of the peripheral and central olfactory system. Especially supporting cells of the OE and central glia cells are affected, resulting in pronounced astrocytosis and microgliosis in the OB and other olfactory cortices. Up-regulation of Galectin-3, Cathepsin D and GFAP in the cortical layers of the OB underlines the critical role and location of the OB as a possible entrance gate for noxious substances. Unmyelinated olfactory afferents of the lamina propria seem less affected than ensheathing cells. Supporting the structural findings, electro-olfactometry of the olfactory mucosa suggests that NPC1(-/-) animals exhibit olfactory and trigeminal deficits. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data demonstrate a pronounced neurodegeneration and glia activation in the olfactory system of NPC1(-/-), which is accompanied by sensory deficits.
| S-EPMC3877006 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The loss of NPC1 protein function is the predominant cause of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease (NP-C1), a systemic and neurodegenerative disorder characterized by late-endosomal/lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids. Limited evidence from post-mortem human tissues, an Npc1(-/-) mouse model, and cell culture studies also suggest failure of metal homeostasis in NP-C1. To investigate these findings, we performed a comprehensive transition metal analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and tissue samples from human NP-C1 patients and an Npc1(-/-) mouse model. NPC1 deficiency in the Npc1(-/-) mouse model resulted in a perturbation of transition metal homeostasis in the plasma and key organs (brain, liver, spleen, heart, lungs, and kidneys). Analysis of human patient CSF, plasma and post-mortem brain tissues also indicated disrupted metal homeostasis. There was a disparity in the direction of metal changes between the human and the Npc1(-/-) mouse samples, which may reflect species-specific metal metabolism. Nevertheless, common to both species is brain zinc accumulation. Furthermore, treatment with the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor miglustat, the only drug shown in a controlled clinical trial to have some efficacy for NP-C1, did not correct the alterations in CSF and plasma transition metal and ceruloplasmin (CP) metabolism in NP-C1 patients. These findings highlight the importance of NPC1 function in metal homeostasis, and indicate that metal-targeting therapy may be of value as a treatment for NP-C.
| S-EPMC4178950 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Lysosomal function is impaired in Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), a rare and inherited neurodegenerative disorder, resulting in late endosomal/lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. The precise pathogenic mechanism of NPC1 remains incompletely understood. In this study, we employed metabolomics to uncover secondary accumulated substances in NPC1. Our findings unveiled a substantial elevation in the levels of three alkyl-lysophosphatidylcholine [alkyl-LPC, also known as lyso-platelet activating factor (PAF)] species in NPC1 compared to controls across various tissues, including brain tissue from individuals with NPC1, liver, spleen, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem from NPC1 mice, as well as in both brain and liver tissue from NPC1 cats. The three elevated alkyl-LPC species were as follows: LPC O-16:0, LPC O-18:1, and LPC O-18:0. However, the levels of PAF 16:0, PAF 18:1, and PAF 18:0 were not altered in NPC1. In the NPC1 feline model, the brain and liver alkyl-LPC levels were reduced following 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) treatment, suggesting that alkyl-LPCs are secondary storage metabolites in NPC1 disease. Unexpectedly, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of LPC O-16:0 and LPC O-18:1 were decreased in individuals with NPC1 compared to age-appropriate comparison samples, and their levels were increased in 80% of participants 2 years after intrathecal HPβCD treatment. The fold increases in CSF LPC O-16:0 and LPC O-18:1 levels were more pronounced in responders compared to nonresponders. This study identified alkyl-LPC species as secondary storage metabolites in NPC1 and indicates that LPC O-16:0 and LPC O-18:1, in particular, could serve as potential biomarkers for tracking treatment response in NPC1 patients.
| S-EPMC11367646 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by liver disease and progressive neurodegeneration. Deficiency of either NPC1 or NPC2 leads to the accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in late endosomes and early lysosomes. In order to identify pathological mechanisms underlying NPC and uncover potential biomarkers, we characterized liver gene expression changes in an Npc1 mouse model at six ages spanning the pathological progression of the disease. We identified altered gene expression at all ages, including changes in asymptomatic, 1-week-old mice. Biological pathways showing early altered gene expression included: lipid metabolism, cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in arachidonic acid and drug metabolism, inflammation and immune responses, mitogen-activated protein kinase and G-protein signaling, cell cycle regulation, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton remodeling. In contrast, apoptosis and oxidative stress appeared to be late pathological processes. To identify potential biomarkers that could facilitate monitoring of disease progression, we focused on a subset of 103 differentially expressed genes that encode secreted proteins. Further analysis identified two secreted proteins with increased serum levels in NPC1 patients: galectin-3 (LGALS3), a pro-inflammatory molecule, and cathepsin D (CTSD), a lysosomal aspartic protease. Elevated serum levels of both proteins correlated with neurological disease severity and appeared to be specific for NPC1. Expression of Lgals3 and Ctsd was normalized following treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin, a therapy that reduces pathological findings and significantly increases Npc1(-/-) survival. Both LGALS3 and CTSD have the potential to aid in diagnosis and serve as biomarkers to monitor efficacy in therapeutic trials.
| S-EPMC3406758 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a lysosomal disease characterized by endolysosomal storage of unesterified cholesterol and decreased cellular cholesterol bioavailability. A cardinal symptom of NPC1 is cerebellar ataxia due to Purkinje neuron loss. To gain an understanding of the cerebellar neuropathology we obtained single cell transcriptome data from control (Npc1+/+) and both three-week-old presymptomatic and seven-week-old symptomatic mutant (Npc1-/-) mice. In seven-week-old Npc1-/- mice, differential expression data was obtained for neuronal, glial, vascular, and myeloid cells. As anticipated, we observed microglial activation and increased expression of innate immunity genes. We also observed increased expression of innate immunity genes by other cerebellar cell types, including Purkinje neurons. Whereas neuroinflammation mediated by microglia may have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic components, the contribution of increased expression of these genes by non-immune cells to NPC1 pathology is not known. It is possible that dysregulated expression of innate immunity genes by non-immune cells is neurotoxic. We did not anticipate a general lack of transcriptomic changes in cells other than microglia from presymptomatic three-week-old Npc1-/- mice. This observation suggests that microglia activation precedes neuronal dysfunction. The data presented in this paper will be useful for generating testable hypotheses related to disease progression and Purkinje neurons loss as well as providing insight into potential novel therapeutic interventions.
| S-EPMC7432835 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This is the first study to objectively measure gait, balance, and upper limb coordination in a group of patients with NPC1 and compare the results to age and gender matched controls. This is also the first study to report effect sizes in these measures. Spatiotemporal gait analysis, static and dynamic posturography, and upper limb reaching motion analysis were performed. The findings showed that the NPC1 subjects had statistically significant deficits on 12 out of the 16 parameters investigated compared to controls, and large effect sizes for all but 1 parameter. When ranking the variables in terms of the effect sizes, the top 5 included at least 1 parameter from each of the 3 motor domains investigated. These results can provide insight to clinical researchers on the selection of outcome measures for longitudinal and interventional studies.
| S-EPMC6534353 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder in which a pathological cascade, including neuroinflammation occurs. While data demonstrating neuroinflammation is prevalent in mouse models, data from NPC1 patients is lacking. The current study focuses on identifying potential markers of neuroinflammation in NPC1 from both the Npc1 mouse model and NPC1 patients. We identified in the mouse model significant changes in expression of genes associated with inflammation and compared these results to the pattern of expression in human cortex and cerebellar tissue. From gene expression array analysis, complement 3 (C3) was increased in mouse and human post-mortem NPC1 brain tissues. We also characterized protein levels of inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from NPC1 patients and controls. We found increased levels of interleukin 3, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, interleukin 16 and chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), and decreased levels of interleukin 4, 10, 13 and 12p40 in CSF from NPC1 patients. CSF markers were evaluated with respect to phenotypic severity. Miglustat treatment in NPC1 patients slightly decreased IL-3, IL-10 and IL-13 CSF levels; however, further studies are needed to establish a strong effect of miglustat on inflammation markers. The identification of inflammatory markers with altered levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of NPC1 patients may provide a means to follow secondary events in NPC1 disease during therapeutic trials.
| S-EPMC3877698 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disorder due to mutation of the NPC1 gene. The NPC1 phenotype is characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction, including cerebellar ataxia and dementia. There is histological evidence of neuroinflammation and progressive neuronal loss, with cerebellar Purkinje cells particularly vulnerable to loss of NPC1 function. Necroptosis was evaluated as a mechanism of neuronal loss. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 are key components of the necrosomal complex that regulates necroptotic cell death. We report increased expression of RIP1 and RIP3 in NPC1 fibroblasts, NPC1 iPS cell-derived neuronal precursors, and in cerebellar tissue from both NPC1 mice and patients. Our data suggest a positive correlation between NPC1 neurological disease severity and assembly of the necrosome complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of RIP1 decreases cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of Npc1-mutant mice with necrostatin-1, an allosteric inhibitor of RIP1, significantly delayed cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, progression of neurological symptoms, and death. Collectively, our data identified necroptosis as a key component of the molecular network that contributes to neuronal loss in NPC1 and establish that inhibition of necroptosis is a potential therapeutic intervention.
| S-EPMC4823930 | biostudies-literature