The complete chloroplast genome of Korean Gastrodia elata Blume.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kang MJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7748522 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata), commonly called Tianma in Chinese, is an important and notable traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has been used in China as an anticonvulsant, analgesic, sedative, anti-asthma, anti-immune drug since ancient times. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the abundant efforts of scientists in developing analytical techniques and performing pharmacokinetic studies of G. elata and its constituents, including sample pretreatment methods, analytical techniques, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and influence factors to its pharmacokinetics. Based on the reported pharmacokinetic property data of G. elata and its constituents, it is hoped that more studies will focus on the development of rapid and sensitive analytical techniques, discovering new therapeutic uses and understanding the specific in vivo mechanisms of action of G. elata and its constituents from the pharmacokinetic viewpoint in the near future. The present review discusses analytical techniques and pharmacokinetics of G. elata and its constituents reported from 1985 onwards.
| S-EPMC6152015 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Gastrodia elata is a non-photosynthetic saprophytic plant of medicinal use in the oriental countries. We report the second complete chloroplast (cp) genome of G. elata from a sample collected in Korea. The length of cp genome is only 35,180 bp: there is no inverted repeated region and many photosynthesis genes are missing compared to typical angiosperm cp genomes. It includes 20 protein-coding genes, 3 rRNAs, and 5 tRNAs. The overall GC content of the genome was 26.7%. Relatively, high intra-specific variation (457 SNPs and 670 indels) is detected in the species comparing it with other seed plants.
| S-EPMC7748695 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine with neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory functions. MicroRNAs (miRNA) is a kind of endogenous noncoding small RNAs that plays distinctly important roles for gene regulation of organisms. So far, the research on G. elata is mainly focused on the pharmacological functions of the natural chemical ingredients, and the function of G. elata miRNA remains unknown. In this study, 5,718 known miRNAs and 38 novel miRNAs were identified by high-throughput sequencing from G. elata. Based on GO and KEGG analysis, we found that the human genes possibly regulated by G. elata miRNAs were related to the cell cycle, immune regulation, intercellular communication, etc. Furthermore, two novel miRNAs as Gas-miR01 and Gas-miR02 have stable and high expression in the medicinal tissues of G. elata. Further bioinformatics prediction showed that both Gas-miR01 and Gas-miR02 could target Homo sapiens A20 gene, furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and Western Blotting verified the interaction of Gas-miR01 or Gas-miR02 with A20. These evidences suggested that G. elata-unique miRNAs might be involved in certain physiological processes. The animal experiment showed that Gas-miR01 and Gas-miR02 could be detected in some tissues of mice by intragastric administration; meanwhile, the A20 expression in some tissues of mice was downregulated. These results supported for the functional study of G. elata miRNAs.
| S-EPMC7545038 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The most frequent missense mutations in familial Parkinson's disease (PD) occur in the highly conserved LRRK2/PARK8 gene with G2019S mutation. We previously established a fly model of PD carrying the LRRK2-G2019S mutation that exhibited the parkinsonism-like phenotypes. An herbal medicine, Gastrodia elata Blume (GE), has been reported to have neuroprotective effects in toxin-induced PD models. However, the underpinning molecular mechanisms of GE beneficiary to G2019S-induced PD remain unclear. Here, we show that these G2019S flies treated with water extracts of GE (WGE) and its bioactive compounds, gastrodin and 4-HBA, displayed locomotion improvement and dopaminergic neuron protection. WGE suppressed the accumulation and hyperactivation of G2019S proteins in dopaminergic neurons and activated the antioxidation and detoxification factor Nrf2 mostly in the astrocyte-like and ensheathing glia. Glial activation of Nrf2 antagonizes G2019S-induced Mad/Smad signaling. Moreover, we treated LRRK2-G2019S transgenic mice with WGE and found that the locomotion declines, the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and the number of hyperactive microglia were restored. WGE also suppressed the hyperactivation of G2019S proteins and regulated the Smad2/3 pathways in the mice brains. We conclude that WGE prevents locomotion defects and the neuronal loss induced by G2019S mutation via glial Nrf2/Mad signaling, unveiling a potential therapeutic avenue for PD.
| S-EPMC8660019 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Achyranthes bidentata Blume is an important herbal medicine. However, little genetic information about Achyranthes is available. To facilitate species identification, we sequenced its complete chloroplast genome using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The data show that the chloroplast genome of A. bidentata is 151,441?bp in size and comprises an 83,890?bp large single-copy region, a 17,261?bp small single-copy region, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions, IRa and IRb (each 25,145?bp). The genome contains 112 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNAs genes, and 30 transfer RNAs genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. bidentata is most closely related to Alternanthera philoxeroides.
| S-EPMC7707250 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Achyranthes bidentata is a popular Chinese medicine, that has its place in the treatment of spasm, osteodynia of the lumbar region and knees. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. bidentata was determined. The complete cp genome is 151,543 bp in length and includes a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,922 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,251 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 25,185 bp. It encodes 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that four samples of A. bidentata formed a clade with a 100% bootstrap value.
| S-EPMC7971321 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nine new gastrodin derivatives, including seven p-hydroxybenzyl-modified gastrodin ethers (1-7), 6'-O-acetylgastrodin (8), and 4-[?-D-glucopyranosyl-(1??6)-?-D-glucopyranosyloxy]benzyl alcohol (9), together with seven known derivatives, were isolated from an aqueous extract of Gastrodia elata ("tian ma") rhizomes. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-4, 7, 10, and 11 were also isolated from a reaction mixture by refluxing gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in H2O. As both gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol exist in the plant, the reaction results provide evidence for the production and increase/decrease of potential effective/toxic components when "tian ma" is decocted solely or together with ingredients in Chinese traditional medicine formulations, though the isolates were inactive in the preliminarily cell-based assays at concentrations of 10 ?M. Moreover, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRESIMS), 4, 7, 10, and 11, as well as component variations, were detectable in the freshly prepared extracts of different types of samples, including the freeze-dried fresh G. elata rhizomes.
| S-EPMC6872707 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We present the 1.06?Gb sequenced genome of Gastrodia elata, an obligate mycoheterotrophic plant, which contains 18,969 protein-coding genes. Many genes conserved in other plant species have been deleted from the G. elata genome, including most of those for photosynthesis. Additional evidence of the influence of genome plasticity in the adaptation of this mycoheterotrophic lifestyle is evident in the large number of gene families that are expanded in G. elata, including glycoside hydrolases and urease that likely facilitate the digestion of hyphae are expanded, as are genes associated with strigolactone signaling, and ATPases that may contribute to the atypical energy metabolism. We also find that the plastid genome of G. elata is markedly smaller than that of green plant species while its mitochondrial genome is one of the largest observed to date. Our report establishes a foundation for studying adaptation to a mycoheterotrophic lifestyle.
| S-EPMC5915607 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Quercus sessilifolia Blume is one of the dominant tree species in East Asian evergreen broadleaved forests. In this study, we assembled and characterized the plastome of Q. sessilifolia using Illumina paired-end data. The circular genome is 160,813 bp in size, consisting of two copies of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,862 bp, one large single-copy (LSC) region of 90,218 bp, and one small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,871 bp. It encodes a total of 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28 chloroplast genome sequences indicated that Q. sessilifolia was most closely related to Q. myrsinifolia with 90% bootstrap support.
| S-EPMC8751490 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Abstract Arisaema heterophyllum Blume is a perennial medicinal herb widely distributed in China, Korea and Japan. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of A. heterophyllum was assembled and characterized based on high-throughput sequencing data. The whole chloroplast genome is 170,610 bp in length and contains 95,485 bp large single-copy (LSC) and 22,605 bp small single-copy (SSC) regions separated by a pair of 26,260 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. It contained a total of 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, with an overall GC content of 34.5%. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by 30 chloroplast genomes reveals that A. heterophyllum is mostly related to the same genus A. ringens, A. franchetianum and A. erubescens. The complete chloroplast genome of A. heterophyllum was the firstly reported and deposited at GenBank under accession number MZ424448.
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