Dataset Information

Associations of Menstrual Cycle Characteristics Across the Reproductive Life Span and Lifestyle Factors With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

ABSTRACT:

Importance

Menstrual cycle dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance, a key feature early in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the evidence linking irregular and long menstrual cycles with type 2 diabetes is scarce and inconsistent.

Objectives

To evaluate the associations between menstrual cycle characteristics at different points throughout a woman's reproductive life span and risk of type 2 diabetes and the extent to which this association is modified by lifestyle factors.

Design, setting, and participants

This prospective cohort study included 75?546 premenopausal US female nurses participating in the Nurses' Health Study II from 1993 to June 30, 2017. Data analysis was performed from February 1 to December 30, 2019.

Exposures

Self-reported usual length and regularity of menstrual cycles at the age ranges of 14 to 17 years, 18 to 22 years, and 29 to 46 years.

Main outcomes and measures

Incident type 2 diabetes identified through self-report and confirmed by validated supplemental questionnaires.

Results

Among the 75?546 women in the study at baseline, the mean (SD) age was 37.9 (4.6) years (range, 29.0-46.0 years). A total of 5608 participants (7.4%) had documented new cases of type 2 diabetes during 1?639?485 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for potential confounders, women reporting always having irregular menstrual cycles between the age ranges of 14 to 17 years, 18 to 22 years, and 29 to 46 years were, respectively, 32% (95% CI, 22%-44%), 41% (95% CI, 23%-62%), and 66% (95% CI, 49%-84%) more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than women reporting very regular cycles (within 3-4 days of expected period) in the same age range. Similarly, women reporting a usual cycle length of 40 days or more between the age ranges of 18 to 22 years and 29 to 46 years were, respectively, 37% (95% CI, 19%-57%) and 50% (95% CI, 36%-65%) more likely to develop type 2 diabetes during follow-up compared with women reporting a usual cycle length of 26 to 31 days in the same age ranges. These associations appeared to be stronger among women with overweight or obesity, a low-quality diet, and low levels of physical activity. The relative excess risk of type 2 diabetes due to the interaction between irregular and long menstrual cycles and the overall unhealthy lifestyle score was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.57-0.89) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.83), respectively.

Conclusions and relevance

In this cohort study of US female nurses participating in the Nurses' Health Study II, irregular and long menstrual cycles throughout life were associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly among women with overweight or obesity, a low-quality diet, and low levels of physical activity.

SUBMITTER: Wang YX

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7753904 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Associations of Menstrual Cycle Characteristics Across the Reproductive Life Span and Lifestyle Factors With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

Wang Yi-Xin YX Shan Zhilei Z Arvizu Mariel M Pan An A Manson JoAnn E JE Missmer Stacey A SA Sun Qi Q Chavarro Jorge E JE

JAMA network open 20201201 12

<h4>Importance</h4>Menstrual cycle dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance, a key feature early in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the evidence linking irregular and long menstrual cycles with type 2 diabetes is scarce and inconsistent.<h4>Objectives</h4>To evaluate the associations between menstrual cycle characteristics at different points throughout a woman's reproductive life span and risk of type 2 diabetes and the extent to which this association is modified by life ...[more]

PMID: 33346844

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Little is known about the ocular surface changes over the menstrual cycle in young women and the interactions with lifestyle factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and menstrual cycle phases on the ocular signs and symptoms of dry eye in young healthy women. METHODS:This was a prospective 1-month observational study. Thirty young healthy women with regular, 24 to 32-day menstrual cycles were recruited. Participants attended three visits at day 7, 14, and 21 (± 1) of their menstrual cycle. At baseline, general health questionnaire was conducted. At each visit, symptomology was quantified using Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and overall ocular comfort (OOC, visual analogue scale). Ocular signs were assessed using Efron scales, tear break-up time (TBUT) and phenol red thread (PRT). Pearson's correlation was used to determine associations between variables at each visit. RESULTS:A total of 26 participants (mean age?=?22.3?±?3.7?years) with an average menstrual cycle of 28.3?±?1.3?days completed the 3 visits. The interaction between signs/symptoms and lifestyle factors changed over the cycle. At the follicular phase (day 7), lifestyle factors such diet and levels of stress were correlated with PRT and OSDI, (r?=?-?0.4, p?=?0.022; r?=?0.4, p?=?0.045 respectively). At the ovulation phase (day 14), the general health score was correlated with OOC scores (r?=?0.4, p?=?0.047). At day 14, exercise frequency correlated with PRT (r?=?-?0.4, p?=?0.028) and caffeine intake was positively correlate with both; TBUT (r?=?0.5, p?=?0.020) and PRT (r?=?0.5, p?=?0.014). At the luteal phase (day 21), we found no correlations between lifestyle factors and dry eye signs or symptoms. CONCLUSIONS:The associations between lifestyle factors and objective and subjective ocular surface assessment appeared to be more pronounced during the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the follicular and luteal phases. Misalignment of these factors with the ocular health during the luteal phase could be attributed to central sensitization and changes in levels of luteinising hormone. Natural hormonal changes during menstrual cycle should be considered for diagnosis and treatment of dry eye in young healthy women.

Dataset Information

Associations of Menstrual Cycle Characteristics Across the Reproductive Life Span and Lifestyle Factors With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

Importance

Objectives

Design, setting, and participants

Exposures

Main outcomes and measures

Results

Conclusions and relevance

Publications

Associations of Menstrual Cycle Characteristics Across the Reproductive Life Span and Lifestyle Factors With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

Similar Datasets

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