Dataset Information

Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of tuber-forming Solanum spp.

ABSTRACT: Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of four phytoplasmas of tuber-forming Solanum spp. known to occur only outside the EU or having a limited presence in the EU. The only tuber-forming species of Solanum reported to be phytoplasma infected is S. tuberosum. This opinion covers 'Candidatus Phytoplasma americanum', 'Ca. P. aurantifolia'-related strains (GD32; St_JO_10, 14, 17; PPT-SA; Rus-343F; PPT-GTO29, -GTO30, -SINTV; Potato Huayao Survey 2; Potato hair sprouts), 'Ca. P. fragariae'-related strains (YN-169, YN-10G) and 'Ca. P. pruni'-related strains (Clover yellow edge; Potato purple top AKpot7, MT117, AKpot6; PPT-COAHP, -GTOP). Phytoplasmas can be detected by molecular methods and are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation. Phytoplasmas are also transmitted in a persistent and propagative manner by some insects belonging to families within Cicadomorpha, Fulgoromorpha and Sternorrhyncha (order Hemiptera). No transovarial, pollen or seed transmission has been reported. The reported natural host range of the phytoplasmas categorised here varies from restricted ('Ca. P. americanum', and 'Ca. P. fragariae'-related strains) to wide ('Ca. P. aurantifolia'-related strains and 'Ca. P. pruni'-related strains), thus increasing the possible entry pathways in the latter case. S. tuberosum is widely cultivated in the EU. All the categorised phytoplasmas can enter and spread through the trade of host plants for planting, and by vectors. Establishment of these phytoplasmas is not expected to be limited by EU environmental conditions. The introduction of these phytoplasmas in the EU would have an economic impact. There are measures to reduce the risk of entry, establishment, spread and impact. Uncertainties result from limited information on distribution, biology and epidemiology. All the phytoplasmas categorised here meet the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests, and they do not meet all the criteria to qualify as potential regulated non-quarantine pests, because they do not occur or are not known to be widespread in the EU.

SUBMITTER: EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7757785 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of tuber-forming Solanum spp.

Bragard Claude C Dehnen-Schmutz Katharina K Gonthier Paolo P Jaques Miret Josep Anton JA Justesen Annemarie Fejer AF MacLeod Alan A Magnusson Christer Sven CS Milonas Panagiotis P Navas-Cortes Juan A JA Parnell Stephen S Potting Roel R Reignault Philippe Lucien PL Thulke Hans-Hermann HH Van der Werf Wopke W Civera Antonio Vicent AV Yuen Jonathan J Zappalà Lucia L Bosco Domenico D Chiumenti Michela M Di Serio Francesco F Galetto Luciana L Marzachì Cristina C Pautasso Marco M Jacques Marie-Agnès MA

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority 20201223 12

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of four phytoplasmas of tuber-forming Solanum spp. known to occur only outside the EU or having a limited presence in the EU. The only tuber-forming species of Solanum reported to be phytoplasma infected is S. tuberosum. This opinion covers 'Candidatus Phytoplasma americanum', 'Ca. P. aurantifolia'-related strains (GD32; St_JO_10, 14, 17; PPT-SA; Rus ...[more]

PMID: 33376553

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Project description:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non-EU Acleris spp. Acleris is a well-defined insect genus in the family Tortricidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Species can be identified using taxonomic keys based on adult morphology and genitalia. The genus includes 261 species attacking conifers and non-conifer plants in many areas in the world, among which 40 species are present in the EU. The non-EU species are collectively listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as Acleris spp. (non-European). Some species are important defoliators in North America, mainly on conifers but also on several broadleaf trees. Females lay eggs on the leaves or on the bark. The larvae bind together with silk the leaves upon which they feed. Pupation occurs in leaves attached with silk or in the soil. Some species are univoltine; others are bivoltine or multivoltine. Flight capacity is not documented, but outbreak expansion suggests that the adults can probably fly long distances. The main pathways for entry are host plants for planting with or without soil, cut branches, fruits of host plants (including cones), round wood with bark and bark. The presence of host plants and suitable EU climate would allow the establishment of the known non-EU harmful species. In the literature, nine non-EU Acleris species are reported as pests on various host plants, namely A. gloverana, A. variana, A. minuta, A. nishidai, A. issikii, A. semipurpurana, A. robinsoniana, A. senescens and A. nivisellana. These non-EU Acleris spp. satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. Concerning the other 212 non-EU Acleris species, there is scarce information on host plants, pests status and climatic suitability. Measures are in place to prevent the introduction of non-EU Acleris spp. through the pathways described in the document. As non-EU Acleris spp. are not present in the EU and plants for planting are not the major pathway for spread, non-EU Acleris spp. do not meet the criteria to be considered as regulated non-quarantine pests.

Project description:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Arceuthobium spp. (non-EU), a well-defined and distinguishable group of parasitic plant species of the family Viscaceae, also known as dwarf mistletoes. These are flowering plants parasitising a wide range of conifers of the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Arceuthobium species (non-EU) are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the EU is banned. Many Arceuthobium species are recognised, with most dwarf mistletoes native in the New World, and north-western Mexico and the western USA as the centre of diversity for the genus. Only two Arceuthobium species are native (and reported to be present) in the EU (Arceuthobium azoricum and Arceuthobium oxycedrum), which are thus not part of this pest categorisation. Hosts of non-EU dwarf mistletoes include species of the genera Abies, Cupressus, Juniperus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga. Most Arceuthobium spp. can parasitise more than one species of conifer host. Dwarf mistletoes could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut branches, but these pathways are closed. They could establish in the EU, as hosts are widespread and climatic conditions are favourable. They would be able to spread following establishment by human movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as natural spread. Should non-EU dwarf mistletoes be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations, ornamental trees and nurseries. The main uncertainties concern (i) the precise distribution and host range of the individual Arceuthobium spp. and (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe. For Arceuthobium spp. (non-EU) as a group of organisms, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.

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Dataset Information

Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of tuber-forming Solanum spp.

Publications

Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of tuber-forming <i>Solanum</i> spp.

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