Dataset Information

Delivery Mode Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota.

ABSTRACT: Mode of delivery strongly influences the early infant gut microbiome. Children born by cesarean section (C-section) lack Bacteroides species until 6-18 months of age. One hypothesis is that these differences stem from lack of exposure to the maternal vaginal microbiome. Here, we re-evaluate this hypothesis by comparing the microbial profiles of 75 infants born vaginally or by planned versus emergent C-section. Multiple children born by C-section have a high abundance of Bacteroides in their first few days of life, but at 2 weeks, both C-section groups lack Bacteroides (primarily according to 16S sequencing), despite their difference in exposure to the birth canal. Finally, a comparison of microbial strain profiles between infants and maternal vaginal or rectal samples finds evidence for mother-to-child transmission of rectal rather than vaginal strains. These results suggest differences in colonization stability as an important factor in infant gut microbiome composition rather than birth canal exposure.

SUBMITTER: Mitchell CM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7762768 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Delivery Mode Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota.

Mitchell Caroline M CM Mazzoni Chiara C Hogstrom Larson L Bryant Allison A Bergerat Agnes A Cher Avital A Pochan Shawna S Herman Penelope P Carrigan Maureen M Sharp Karen K Huttenhower Curtis C Lander Eric S ES Vlamakis Hera H Xavier Ramnik J RJ Yassour Moran M

Cell reports. Medicine 20201222 9

Mode of delivery strongly influences the early infant gut microbiome. Children born by cesarean section (C-section) lack <i>Bacteroides</i> species until 6-18 months of age. One hypothesis is that these differences stem from lack of exposure to the maternal vaginal microbiome. Here, we re-evaluate this hypothesis by comparing the microbial profiles of 75 infants born vaginally or by planned versus emergent C-section. Multiple children born by C-section have a high abundance of <i>Bacteroides</i> ...[more]

PMID: 33377127

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Project description:Background and aimsBirth mode and other early life factors affect a newborn's microbial colonization with potential long-term health effects. Individual variations in early life gut microbiota development, especially their effects on the functional repertoire of microbiota, are still poorly characterized. This study aims to provide new insights into the gut microbiome developmental trajectories during the first year of life.MethodsOur study comprised 78 term infants sampled at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months (n = 280 total samples), and their mothers were sampled in late pregnancy (n = 50). Fecal DNA was subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Infant samples were studied for taxonomic and functional maturation, and maternal microbiota was used as a reference. Hierarchical clustering on taxonomic profiles was used to identify the main microbiota developmental trajectories in the infants, and their associations with perinatal and postnatal factors were assessed.ResultsIn line with previous studies, infant microbiota composition showed increased alpha diversity and decreased beta diversity by age, converging toward an adult-like profile. However, we did not observe an increase in functional alpha diversity, which was stable and comparable with the mother samples throughout all the sampling points. Using a de novo clustering approach, two main infant microbiota clusters driven by Bacteroidaceae and Clostridiaceae emerged at each time point. The clusters were associated with birth mode and their functions differed mainly in terms of biosynthetic and carbohydrate degradation pathways, some of which consistently differed between the clusters for all the time points. The longitudinal analysis indicated three main microbiota developmental trajectories, with the majority of the infants retaining their characteristic cluster until 1 year. As many as 40% of vaginally delivered infants were grouped with infants delivered by C-section due to their clear and persistent depletion in Bacteroides. Intrapartum antibiotics, any perinatal or postnatal factors, maternal microbiota composition, or other maternal factors did not explain the depletion in Bacteroides in the subset of vaginally born infants.ConclusionOur study provides an enhanced understanding of the compositional and functional early life gut microbiota trajectories, opening avenues for investigating elusive causes that influence non-typical microbiota development.

Project description:Colonization of the infant gut is believed to be critically important for a healthy growth as it influences gut maturation, metabolic, immune and brain development in early life. Understanding factors that influence this process is important, since an altered colonization has been associated with a higher risk of diseases later in life. Fecal samples were collected from 108 healthy neonates in the first half year of life. The composition and functionality of the microbiota was characterized by measuring 33 different bacterial taxa by qPCR/RT qPCR, and 8 bacterial metabolites. Information regarding gender, place and mode of birth, presence of siblings or pets; feeding pattern and antibiotic use was collected by using questionnaires. Regression analysis techniques were used to study associations between microbiota parameters and confounding factors over time. Bacterial DNA was detected in most meconium samples, suggesting bacterial exposure occurs in utero. After birth, colonization by species of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides was influenced by mode of delivery, type of feeding and presence of siblings, with differences found at species level and over time. Interestingly, infant-type bifidobacterial species such as B. breve or B. longum subsp infantis were confirmed as early colonizers apparently independent of the factors studied here, while B. animalis subsp. lactis presence was found to be dependent solely on the type of feeding, indicating that it might not be a common infant gut inhabitant. One interesting and rather unexpected confounding factor was gender. This study contributes to our understanding of the composition of the microbiota in early life and the succession process and the evolution of the microbial community as a function of time and events occurring during the first 6 months of life. Our results provide new insights that could be taken into consideration when selecting nutritional supplementation strategies to support the developing infant gut microbiome.

Project description:Early nutrition plays a dominant role in infant development and health. It is now understood that the infant diet impacts the gut microbiota and its relationship with gut function and brain development. However, its impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis has not been studied in an integrative way. The objective here was to evaluate the effects of human milk (HM) or cow's milk based infant formula (IF) on the relationships between gut microbiota and the collective host intestinal-brain axis. Eighteen 10-day-old Yucatan mini-piglets were fed with HM or IF. Intestinal and fecal microbiota composition, intestinal phenotypic parameters, and the expression of genes involved in several gut and brain functions were determined. Unidimensional analyses were performed, followed by multifactorial analyses to evaluate the relationships among all the variables across the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Compared to IF, HM decreased the α-diversity of colonic and fecal microbiota and modified their composition. Piglets fed HM had a significantly higher ileal and colonic paracellular permeability assessed by ex vivo analysis, a lower expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins, and a higher expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune activity. In addition, the expression of genes involved in endocrine function, tryptophan metabolism and nutrient transport was modified mostly in the colon. These diet-induced intestinal modifications were associated with changes in the brain tissue expression of genes encoding the blood-brain barrier, endocrine function and short chain fatty acid receptors, mostly in hypothalamic and striatal areas. The integrative approach underlined specific groups of bacteria (Veillonellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Prevotellaceae) associated with changes in the gut-brain axis. There is a clear influence of the infant diet, even over a short dietary intervention period, on establishment of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Project description:BackgroundInfants have low stores of vitamin K at birth. Dietary intake of phylloquinone (PK) differs dramatically by infant feeding practice, but the contribution of microbially produced vitamin K (menaquinones) to infant vitamin K status is not well understood.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate determinants of infant fecal vitamin K profiles in mother-infant dyads at 6 wk postpartum.MethodsFecal and breast milk samples were collected from a subsample of breastfeeding (n = 23) or formula-feeding (n = 23) mother and infant dyads, delivered vaginally (n = 26) or by cesarean section (CS) (n = 20) in the Synergistic Theory and Research on Nutrition and Growth (STRONG) Kids 2 cohort. Vitamin K concentrations in breast milk and feces were analyzed by LC/MS and/or HPLC. Fecal bacterial metagenomes were analyzed to derive taxonomy and vitamin K biosynthetic genes. Multivariate linear modeling was used to assess effects of delivery and feeding modes on infant fecal vitamin K.ResultsBreast milk contained 1.3 ± 0.2 ng/mL PK, and formula was reported to contain 52 ng/mL PK. Fecal PK was 38-times higher (P < 0.001) in formula-fed than breastfed infants. Infant fecal menaquinones (MKn) MK6, MK7, MK12, and MK13 were higher (P < 0.001) in formula-fed than breastfed infants, whereas MK8 predominated in breastfed and was 5-times higher than formula-fed infants. Total MKn were greater (P < 0.001) in vaginally delivered than CS infants. Relative abundances of 33 bacterial species were affected by feeding mode, 2 by delivery mode, and 4 by both (P < 0.05). Bacterial gene content of 5/12 vitamin K biosynthetic genes were greater (P < 0.05) in breastfed compared with formula-fed infants, and 1 differed by delivery mode.ConclusionsFeeding practice and delivery mode influence bacterial vitamin K production in the infant gut. High concentrations of unmetabolized PK in feces of formula-fed infants suggests formula PK content exceeds the absorptive capacity of the infant gut.

Project description:Cesarean (C-section) delivery, recently shown to cause excess weight gain in mice, perturbs human neonatal gut microbiota development due to the lack of natural mother-to-newborn transfer of microbes. Neonates excrete first the in-utero intestinal content (referred to as meconium) hours after birth, followed by intestinal contents reflective of extra-uterine exposure (referred to as transition stool) 2 to 3 days after birth. It is not clear when the effect of C-section on the neonatal gut microbiota emerges. We examined bacterial DNA in carefully-collected meconium, and the subsequent transitional stool, from 59 neonates [13 born by scheduled C-section and 46 born by vaginal delivery] in a private hospital in Brazil. Bacterial DNA was extracted, and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq (San Diego, CA, USA) platform. We found evidence of bacterial DNA in the majority of meconium samples in our study. The bacterial DNA structure (i.e., beta diversity) of meconium differed significantly from that of the transitional stool microbiota. There was a significant reduction in bacterial alpha diversity (e.g., number of observed bacterial species) and change in bacterial composition (e.g., reduced Proteobacteria) in the transition from meconium to stool. However, changes in predicted microbiota metabolic function from meconium to transitional stool were only observed in vaginally-delivered neonates. Within sample comparisons showed that delivery mode was significantly associated with bacterial structure, composition and predicted microbiota metabolic function in transitional-stool samples, but not in meconium samples. Specifically, compared to vaginally delivered neonates, the transitional stool of C-section delivered neonates had lower proportions of the genera Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Clostridium. These differences led to C-section neonates having lower predicted abundance of microbial genes related to metabolism of amino and nucleotide sugars, and higher abundance of genes related to fatty-acid metabolism, amino-acid degradation and xenobiotics biodegradation. In summary, microbiota diversity was reduced in the transition from meconium to stool, and the association of delivery mode with microbiota structure, composition and predicted metabolic function was not observed until the passing of the transitional stool after meconium.

Dataset Information

Delivery Mode Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota.

Publications

Delivery Mode Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota.

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