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Experience with research paradigms relates to infants' direction of preference.

ABSTRACT: Interpreting and predicting direction of preference in infant research has been a thorny issue for decades. Several factors have been proposed to account for familiarity versus novelty preferences, including age, length of exposure, and task complexity. The current study explores an additional dimension: experience with the experimental paradigm. We reanalyzed the data from 4 experiments on artificial grammar learning in 12-month-old infants run using the head-turn preference procedure (HPP). Participants in these studies varied substantially in their number of laboratory visits. Results show that the number of HPP studies is related to direction of preference: Infants with limited experience with the HPP setting were more likely to show familiarity preferences than infants who had amassed more experience with this paradigm. This evidence has important implications for the interpretation of experimental results: Experience with a given method or, more broadly, with the laboratory environment may affect infants' patterns of preferences.

SUBMITTER: Santolin C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7770082 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Experience with research paradigms relates to infants' direction of preference.

Santolin Chiara C Garcia-Castro Gonzalo G Zettersten Martin M Sebastian-Galles Nuria N Saffran Jenny R JR

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies 20201027 1

Interpreting and predicting direction of preference in infant research has been a thorny issue for decades. Several factors have been proposed to account for familiarity versus novelty preferences, including age, length of exposure, and task complexity. The current study explores an additional dimension: experience with the experimental paradigm. We reanalyzed the data from 4 experiments on artificial grammar learning in 12-month-old infants run using the head-turn preference procedure (HPP). Pa ...[more]

PMID: 33111438

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Project description:PurposeIt is well established that (a) infants prefer listening to infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS), and (b) IDS facilitates speech, language, and cognitive development, compared with ADS. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether infants with hearing aids (HAs), similar to their peers with normal hearing (NH), show a listening preference for IDS over ADS.MethodA total of 42 infants participated in the study. In Experiment 1, 9 infants with hearing loss, who had approximately 12 months of experience (mean chronological age of 17.57 months) with HAs, and 9 infants with NH, who had similar chronological age (17.54 months), were tested. In Experiment 2, 10 infants with hearing loss, who had approximately 4 months of experience (mean chronological age of 9.86 months) with HAs, and 14 infants with NH, who had similar chronological age (9.09 months), were tested. Infants were tested on their listening preference in 3 randomized blocks: IDS versus silence, ADS versus silence, and IDS versus ADS blocks, using the central fixation preference procedure.ResultsExperiment 1 showed that infants with HAs, similar to their peers with NH, listened longer to both IDS and ADS relative to silence; however, neither infants with HAs nor infants with NH showed a listening preference for IDS over ADS. In Experiment 2, both infants with HAs and infants with NH showed a listening preference for IDS and ADS relative to silence; in addition, both groups preferred listening to IDS over ADS.ConclusionsInfants with HAs appear to have sufficient access to the acoustic cues in the speech that allow them to develop an age-equivalent IDS preference. This may be attributed to a combination of being able to use the hearing they do have before receiving HAs and early device fitting. Given previously demonstrated positive associations between IDS preference and language development, this research encourages early interventions focusing on maximizing early auditory experience in infants with hearing loss.Supplemental materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6906365.

Project description:ProblemIn the 2021 residency application cycle, the average otolaryngology applicant applied to more than half of programs. Increasing application numbers make it difficult for applicants to stand out to programs of interest and for programs to identify applicants with sincere interest.ApproachAs part of the 2021 Match, otolaryngology applicants could participate in a preference signaling process, signaling up to 5 programs of particular interest at the time of application submission. Programs received a list of applicants who submitted signals to consider during interview offer deliberations. Applicants and program directors completed surveys to evaluate the signaling process and assess the impact of signals on interview offers.OutcomesAll otolaryngology residency programs participated in the signaling process. In total, 611 students submitted applications for otolaryngology residency programs, 559 applicants submitted a Match list including an otolaryngology program, and 558 applicants participated in the signaling process. The survey response rate was 42% for applicants (n = 233) and 52% for program directors (n = 62). The rate of receiving an interview offer was significantly higher from signaled programs (58%) than from both nonsignaled programs (14%; P < .001) and the comparative nonsignal program (23%; P < .001) (i.e., the program an applicant would have signaled given a sixth signal). This impact was consistent across the spectrum of applicant competitiveness. Applicants (178, 77%) and program directors (53, 91%) strongly favored continuing the program.Next stepsMany specialties face high residency application numbers. Programs have difficulty identifying applicants with sincere interest, and applicants face limited opportunities to identify programs of particular interest. Applicants to these specialties may benefit from a preference signaling process like that in otolaryngology. Additional evaluation is needed to determine the impact of signals across racial and demographic lines and to validate these early outcomes.

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Experience with research paradigms relates to infants' direction of preference.

Publications

Experience with research paradigms relates to infants' direction of preference.

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