Dataset Information

The time course of physiological adaptations to high-intensity interval training in older adults.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be more effective than moderate continuous aerobic exercise for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in a limited time frame. However, the length of time required for HIIT to elicit clinically significant improvements in the CRF of older adults is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to compare changes in the CRF of older adults completing identical HIIT protocols of varying durations.

Methods

Forty healthy, community-dwelling older adults completed a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before and after 2, 4, or 6 weeks of fully supervised HIIT on a cycle ergometer, or a no-intervention control period.

Results

Anaerobic threshold (AT) was increased only after 4 (+1.9 [SD 1.1] mL/kg/min) and 6 weeks (+1.9 [SD 1.8] mL/kg/min) of HIIT (both P < 0.001), with 6-week HIIT required to elicit improvements in VO₂ peak (+3.0 [SD 6] mL/kg/min; P = 0.04). Exercise tolerance increased after 2 (+15 [SD 15] W), 4 (+17 [SD 11] W), and 6 weeks (+16 [SD 11] W) of HIIT (all P < 0.001), with no difference in increase between the groups. There were no changes in any parameter in the control group.

Conclusion

Improvements in exercise tolerance from HIIT precede changes in CRF. Just 4 weeks of a well-tolerated, reduced-exertion HIIT protocol are required to produce significant changes in AT, with a further 2 weeks of training also eliciting improvements in VO₂ peak.

SUBMITTER: Herrod PJJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7771560 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

The time course of physiological adaptations to high-intensity interval training in older adults.

Herrod Philip J J PJJ Blackwell James E M JEM Boereboom Catherine L CL Atherton Philip J PJ Williams John P JP Lund Jonathan N JN Phillips Bethan E BE

Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W)) 20200917 4

<h4>Objective</h4>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be more effective than moderate continuous aerobic exercise for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in a limited time frame. However, the length of time required for HIIT to elicit clinically significant improvements in the CRF of older adults is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to compare changes in the CRF of older adults completing identical HIIT protocols of varying durations.<h4>Methods</h4>Forty h ...[more]

PMID: 33392430

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Project description:Sarcopenia and obesity are considered a double health burden. Therefore, the implementation of effective strategies is needed to improve the quality of life of older obese individuals. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on functional capacities, muscle function, body composition and blood biomarkers in obese older adults. Adipose tissue gene expression and markers of muscle mitochondrial content and quality control involved in exercise adaptations were also investigated. Sixty-eight participants performed either HIIT (n = 34) on an elliptical trainer or MICT (n = 34) on a treadmill, three times per week for 12 weeks. HIIT produced significantly higher benefits on some physical parameters (six-minute walking test (HIIT: +12.4% vs. MICT: +5.2%); step test (HIIT: +17.02% vs. MICT: +5.9%); ten-repetition chair test (HIIT: -17.04% vs. MICT: -4.7%)). Although both HIIT and MICT led to an improvement in lower limb power (HIIT: +25.2% vs. MICT: +20.4%), only MICT led to higher improvement in lower limb muscle strength (HIIT: +4.3% vs. MICT: +23.2%). HIIT was more beneficial for increasing total lean body mass (HIIT: +1.58% vs. MICT: -0.81%), while MICT was more effective for decreasing relative gynoid fat mass (HIIT: -1.09% vs. MICT: -4.20%). Regarding adipose tissue gene expression, a significant change was observed for cell death-inducing DFFA (DNA fragmentation factor-alpha)-like effector A (CIDEA) in the HIIT group (A.U; HIIT at T0: 32.10 ± 39.37 vs. HIIT at T12: 48.2 ± 59.2). Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) content, a marker of mitochondrial biogenesis, increased significantly following HIIT (+36.2%) and MICT (+57.2%). A significant increase was observed in the HIIT group for Translocase of Outer Membrane 20 (TOM20; +54.1%; marker of mitochondrial content), Mitofusin-2 (MFN2; +71.6%; marker of mitochondrial fusion) and Parkin RBR E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (PARKIN; +42.3%; marker of mitophagy). Overall, our results indicate that even though MICT (walking on treadmill) and HIIT (on an elliptical) are effective intervention strategies in obese older adults, HIIT appears to have slightly more beneficial effects. More specifically, HIIT led to higher improvements than MICT on functional capacities, lean mass and skeletal muscle markers of mitochondrial content, fusion, and mitophagy. Thus, MICT but also HIIT (time-efficient training) could be recommended as exercise modalities for obese older adults to maintain or improve mobility, health and quality of life.

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Project description:This study analyzed whether 100- and 200-m interval training (IT) in swimming differed regarding temporal, perceptual, and physiological responses. The IT was performed at maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) until exhaustion and time spent near to maximalVO2 peak oxygen uptake (⩒O2peak), total time limit (tLim), peak blood lactate [La-] peak, ⩒O2 kinetics (⩒O2K), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were compared between protocols. Twelve swimmers (seven males 16.1 ± 1.1 and five females 14.2 ± 1 years) completed a discontinuous incremental step test for the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), ⩒O2peak, and MAV assessment. The swimmers subsequently completed two IT protocols at MAV with 100- and 200-m bouts to determine the maximal ⩒O2 (peak-⩒O2) and time spent ≥VT2, 90, and 95% of ⩒O2peak for the entire protocols (IT100 and IT200) and during the first 800-m of each protocol (IT8x100 and IT4x200). A portable apparatus (K4b2) sampled gas exchange through a snorkel and an underwater led signal controlled the velocity. RPE was also recorded. The Peak-⩒O2 attained during IT8x100 and IT4x200 (57.3 ± 4.9 vs. 57.2 ± 4.6 ml·kg-1·min-1) were not different between protocols (p = 0.98) nor to ⩒O2peak (59.2 ± 4.2 ml·kg-1·min-1, p = 0.37). The time constant of ⩒O2K (24.9 ± 8.4 vs. 25.1 ± 6.3-s, p = 0.67) and [La-] peak (7.9 ± 3.4 and 8.7 ± 1.5 mmol·L-1, p = 0.15) also did not differ between IT100 and IT200. The time spent ≥VT2, 90, and 95%⩒O2peak were also not different between IT8x100 and IT4x200 (p = 0.93, 0.63, and 1.00, respectively). The RPE for IT8x100 was lower than that for IT4x200 (7.62 ± 2 vs. 9.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.01). Both protocols are considered suitable for aerobic power enhancement, since ⩒O2peak was attained with similar ⩒O2K and sustained with no differences in tLim. However, the fact that only the RPE differed between the IT protocols suggested that coaches should consider that nx100-m/15-s is perceived as less difficult to perform compared with nx200-m/30-s for the first 800-m when managing the best strategy to be implemented for aerobic power training.

Dataset Information

The time course of physiological adaptations to high-intensity interval training in older adults.

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Publications

The time course of physiological adaptations to high-intensity interval training in older adults.

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