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Biology of a putative male aggregation-sex pheromone in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae).

ABSTRACT: A putative male-produced pheromone has recently been described for the global pest of pines, Sirex noctilio, but field-activity has not been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the pheromone biology of S. noctilio in more detail. Specifically, we i) analysed effluvia and extracts for additional compounds by gas chromatography coupled with electro-antennographic detection (GC-EAD), mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and two dimensional time of flight mass spectrometry (GC X GC TOF MS), ii) conducted dose-response experiments for putative pheromone components, iii) determined the site of synthesis/ storage of the putative pheromone and iv) determined the release rate of the putative pheromone from males and three types of lures. A blend of four compounds was identified, including the previously described (Z)-3-decenol and (Z)-4-decenol, and two new compounds (Z)-3-octenol and (Z)-3-dodecenol. All compounds elicited a response from both male and female antennae, but the strength of the response varied according to sex, compound and dose tested. (Z)-3-Decenol and (Z)-3-octenol at lower and higher doses, respectively, elicited larger responses in males and females than the other two compounds. (Z)-3-Octenol and (Z)-4-decenol generally elicited larger female than male antennal responses. The site of synthesis and/or storage in males was determined to be the hind legs, likely in the leg-tendon gland. The relative release rate of the major compound by male wasps was shown to be 90 ± 12.4 ng/min, which is between 4 and 15 times greater than that observed from typical lures used previously. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that these compounds may mediate lek formation in S. noctilio males and lek location in females.

SUBMITTER: Guignard Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7775065 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Biology of a putative male aggregation-sex pheromone in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae).

Guignard Quentin Q Bouwer Marc M Slippers Bernard B Allison Jeremy J

PloS one 20201231 12

A putative male-produced pheromone has recently been described for the global pest of pines, Sirex noctilio, but field-activity has not been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the pheromone biology of S. noctilio in more detail. Specifically, we i) analysed effluvia and extracts for additional compounds by gas chromatography coupled with electro-antennographic detection (GC-EAD), mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and two dimensional time of flight mass spectrometry (GC X GC TOF MS), ii) condu ...[more]

PMID: 33382841

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Project description:BackgroundThe woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius is a major quarantine pest worldwide that was first discovered in China in 2013 and mainly harms Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.. S. nitobei Matsumura is a native species in China and is closely related to S. noctilio. Recently, the two woodwasps species were found attacking the P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv in succession. The olfactory system is the foundation of insect behavior. Olfactory genes were identified through antennal transcriptome analysis. The expression profiles odorant binding proteins (OBPs) were analyzed with RT-qPCR.ResultsFrom our transcriptome analysis, 16 OBPs, 7 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 41 odorant receptors (ORs), 8 gustatory receptors (GRs), 13 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and one sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP) were identified in S. noctilio, while 15 OBPs, 6 CSPs, 43 ORs, 10 GRs, 16 IRs, and 1 SNMP were identified in S. nitobei. Most of the olfactory genes identified in two species were homologous. However, some species-specific olfactory genes were identified from the antennal transcriptomes, including SnocOBP13, SnocCSP6, SnocOR26, SnocGR2, SnocIR7 in S. noctilio and SnitGR9, SnitGR11, SnitIR17 in S. nitobei. In total, 14 OBPs were expressed primarily in the antennae. SnocOBP9 and SnitOBP9, identified as PBP homologues, were sex-biased expression in two siricid, but with different pattern. SnocOBP11 and SnitOBP11 were highly expressed in antennae and clearly expressed in external genitalia. SnocOBP7 and SnitOBP7 were highly expressed in male genitalia. SnocOBP3 and SnocOBP10 were highly expressed in female genitalia and male heads, while SnitOBP3 and SnitOBP10 did not show obvious tissue bias.ConclusionWe analyzed 86 and 91 olfactory genes from S. noctilio and S. nitobei, respectively. Most of the olfactory genes identified were homologous, but also some species-specific olfactory genes were identified, which indicated the similarities and differences of the molecular mechanisms between the two closely-related species. Different expression in the antennae, external genitals or heads, exhibiting an obvious sex bias, suggested their different role in recognizing sex pheromones or plant volatiles. Species-specific expression for several OBPs genes may suggest that they strengthened or lost their original function during species differentiation, resulting in olfactory differences between the two species.

Project description:The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is a major invasive quarantine pest that attacks and kills pine trees outside of its native range. Insect gut structure and gut microbiota play crucial roles in various life activities. Despite a few reports in nutrition and survival, an extensive study on the S. noctilio larval gut microbiome is lacking. We studied the gut structure using a stereo microscope and used high throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions to investigate gut microbiota in different developmental stages of S. noctilio, including larvae, adults, and larval frass. We used PICRUSt2 to predict the functional profiles. The larval gut was thin and thread-like from the oral cavity to the anus, carrying few xylem particles in the crop. Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Burkholderia s.l were the dominant bacteria in the guts of larvae, adults, and frass, respectively. Even though Pseudomonas was the most abundant among all bacteria, Zoogloea, Ruminobacter, and Nitrosospira, which might be involved in degrading organic matter and fixing nitrogen occurred exclusively in the larval gut indicating their possible role in the growth and development of larvae in pine tree xylem. Fungal communities did not change significantly across different developmental stages or the frass. Amylostereum was dominant in the woodwasp's larval gut. Functional prediction of bacterial and fungal communities revealed that they may encod enzymes involved in degrading lignocellulose and fixing nitrogen. Ours is the first study that compares gut microbial communities present in S. noctilio larvae, adults, and frass. This study could provide an understanding of larval nutrient acquisition in nutrient-deficient host xylem to some extent. Our study may unlock novel strategies for the development of pest management approaches based on interfering with the gut microbiota and restricting their role in larval survival and development.

Dataset Information

Biology of a putative male aggregation-sex pheromone in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae).

Publications

Biology of a putative male aggregation-sex pheromone in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae).

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