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Cryptic diversity in the inshore hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri (Myxinidae, Pisces) from the northwest Pacific.

ABSTRACT: The fishery of inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) is particularly important from the perspective of the eel-skin leather industry in the northwest Pacific. In order to reveal the genetic diversity and population structure of E. burgeri in the northwest Pacific, we analyzed partial nucleotide sequences of three mitochondrial DNA regions (523 bp in COI, 712 bp in ND4 and 617 bp in Cytb) based on specimens collected from six locations in Korea and Japan. The genetic diversities of E. burgeri were higher in Korean locations compared to Japanese ones. AMOVA showed that E. burgeri was completely separated into two groups (group A: southern coast of Korea and western coast of Japan vs. group B: eastern coast of Japan). Furthermore, groups A and B were divided into each two lineages (lineage I: west southern coast of Korea, lineage II: east southern coast of Korea and western coast of Japan, lineage III and IV: eastern coast of Japan). Our molecular results suggest that these two groups and lineages of E. burgeri may be different evolutionary significant unit and management unit, respectively.

SUBMITTER: Song YS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7782252 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Phosphate absorption across multiple epithelia in the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii).

Project description:Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential nutrient for all organisms, but in seawater, Pi is a limiting nutrient. This study investigated the primary mechanisms of Pi uptake in Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) using ex vivo physiological and molecular techniques. Hagfish were observed to have the capacity to absorb Pi from the environment into at least three epithelial surfaces: the intestine, skin, and gill. Pi uptake in all tissues was concentration dependent, and saturable Pi transport was observed in the skin and gill at <2.0 mmol/l Pi. Gill and intestinal Pi uptake was sodium dependent, but Pi uptake into the skin increased under low sodium conditions. Gill Pi transport exhibited an apparent affinity constant ~0.23-0.6 mmol/l Pi. A complete sequence of a type II sodium phosphate cotransporter (Slc34a) was obtained from the hagfish gill. Phylogenetic analysis of the hagfish Slc34a transporter indicates that it is earlier diverging than, and/or ancestral to, the other identified vertebrate Slc34a transporters (Slc34a1, Slc34a2, and Slc34a3). With the use of RT-PCR, the hagfish Slc34a transcript was detected in the intestine, skin, gill, and kidney, suggesting that this may be the transporter involved in Pi uptake into multiple epithelia in the hagfish. This is the first measurement of Pi uptake across the gill or skin of any vertebrate animal and first sodium phosphate cotransporter identified in hagfish.

| S-EPMC4166754 | biostudies-literature

Vertebrate features revealed in the rudimentary eye of the Pacific hagfish (<i>Eptatretus stoutii</i>).

Project description:Hagfish eyes are markedly basic compared to the eyes of other vertebrates, lacking a pigmented epithelium, a lens and a retinal architecture built of three cell layers: the photoreceptors, interneurons and ganglion cells. Concomitant with hagfish belonging to the earliest-branching vertebrate group (the jawless Agnathans), this lack of derived characters has prompted competing interpretations that hagfish eyes represent either a transitional form in the early evolution of vertebrate vision, or a regression from a previously elaborate organ. Here, we show the hagfish retina is not extensively degenerating during its ontogeny, but instead grows throughout life via a recognizable PAX6+ ciliary marginal zone. The retina has a distinct layer of photoreceptor cells that appear to homogeneously express a single opsin of the RH1 rod opsin class. The epithelium that encompasses these photoreceptors is striking because it lacks the melanin pigment that is universally associated with animal vision; notwithstanding, we suggest this epithelium is a homologue of gnathosome retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) based on its robust expression of RPE65 and its engulfment of photoreceptor outer segments. We infer that the hagfish retina is not entirely rudimentary in its wiring, despite lacking a morphologically distinct layer of interneurons: multiple populations of cells exist in the hagfish inner retina and subsets of these express markers of vertebrate retinal interneurons. Overall, these data clarify Agnathan retinal homologies, reveal characters that now appear to be ubiquitous across the eyes of vertebrates, and refine interpretations of early vertebrate visual system evolution.

| S-EPMC7892416 | biostudies-literature

Inshore hagfish genome

Project description:Genome of the inshore hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri

| PRJEB21290 | ENA

Activity and post-prandial regulation of digestive enzyme activity along the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) alimentary canal.

Project description:Hagfishes are living representatives of the earliest-diverging vertebrates and are thus useful for the study of early vertebrate physiology. It has been previously postulated that digestive enzymes account for the majority of digestion because hagfish are agastric with notable zymogen granules in specialized cells of the hindgut. While the presence of some digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and leucinaminopeptidase) have been confirmed with histochemistry, quantification of enzymatic activity is limited. This study sought to biochemically quantify the tissue activity of six digestive enzymes (α-amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin, aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) along the length of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) alimentary canal. In addition, the effect of feeding on the rate of enzyme activity was examined. Overall, maltase and trypsin activities were unchanging with respect to location or feeding status, while the activities of α-amylase and alkaline phosphatase decreased substantially following feeding, but were consistent along the length. Lipase and aminopeptidase activities were elevated in the anterior region of the alimentary canal in comparison to the more posterior regions, but were not altered with feeding. This study indicates hagfish have an assortment of digestive enzymes that likely are the result of a varied diet. The differential expression of these enzymes along the tract and in regards to feeding may be indications of early compartmentalization of digestive function.

| S-EPMC6450612 | biostudies-literature

Morphometics and gonadal development of the hagfish Eptatretus cirrhatus in New Zealand.

Project description:Hagfishes have been the target of commercial fisheries in many areas of the world, with the catch processed for leather and for human consumption. A fishery has been operating in New Zealand waters for the last six years, harvesting the bearded hagfish, Eptatretus cirrhatus. The fishery has thus far been unregulated. Based on samples collected dockside over a two-year period, this report expands the morphometric database for this species, provides information on the size and weight of the harvested animals, determines the sizes at the onset of gonadal development and the minimum sizes at sexual maturation for males and females, and indicates that E. cirrhatus, like most other hagfish species, has no specific breeding season. Although females appear in the population at smaller sizes, the sex ratio for mature animals is 1:1 and the sizes of the largest males and females are comparable. The changes observed in sex ratio as a function of TL suggest differences in the timing and rates of gonadal development in females versus males rather than protogyny. Based on the size of the eggs, the number of eggs per female, the proportion of the population that contains large eggs, and the number of postovulatory females, it is clear that E. cirrhatus, like other hagfish species, are potentially vulnerable to overexploitation.

| S-EPMC3826707 | biostudies-literature

Behavioural responses of the hagfish Eptatretus stoutii to nutrient and noxious stimuli.

Project description:The suitability of a traditional testing paradigm (e.g. choice chamber) for assessing chemosensory behaviour in the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, was examined. Actively-swimming hagfish, tested at night, showed no preference for any region of a T-maze in the absence of a stimulus, but in the presence of an olfactory food cue, spent significantly more time in the zone where the cue was placed. Conversely, hagfish avoided spending time in the zone the fish anaesthetic 3-amino benzoic acid ethylester (MS-222) was placed, and demonstrated significantly more reversal responses in which the fish moved its body backwards. These data suggest that hagfish are an amenable model species for laboratory testing of behaviour.

| S-EPMC6746870 | biostudies-literature

Presence of a member of the Tc1-like transposon family from nematodes and Drosophila within the vasotocin gene of a primitive vertebrate, the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stouti.

Project description:Molecular cloning of the vasotocin gene of a cyclostome, the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stouti, reveals, in contrast to other known members of the vertebrate vasopressin/oxytocin hormone gene family, an unusual exon-intron organization. Although the location of three exons and two introns is conserved, an additional intron is present 5' of the coding region of the hagfish gene. The third intron, which is greater than 14 kilobase pairs in size, contains on the opposite DNA strand to that encoding vasotocin an open reading frame exhibiting striking similarity to the putative transposase of Tc1-like nonretroviral mobile genetic DNA elements, so far reported only from nematodes and Drosophila. The hagfish element, called Tes1, is flanked by inverted terminal repeats representing an example of the existence of a typical inverted terminal-repeat transposon within vertebrates. The presence of Tc1-like elements in nematodes, Drosophila, and cyclostomes indicates that these genetic elements have a much broader phylogenetic distribution than hitherto expected.

| S-EPMC49591 | biostudies-other

A new species of hagfish, <i>Eptatretus wandoensis</i> sp. nov. (Agnatha, Myxinidae), from the southwestern Sea of Korea.

Project description:Four specimens of the five-gilled white mid-dorsal line hagfish, Eptatretus wandoensis sp. nov. were recently collected from the southwestern Sea of Korea (Wando). This new species has five pairs of gill apertures, 14-18 prebranchial slime pores, 4 branchial slime pores, a dark brown back with a white mid-dorsal line and a white belly. These hagfish are similar to Eptatretus burgeri and Eptatretus minor in having a white mid-dorsal line, but can be readily distinguished by the numbers of gill apertures (5 vs. 6-7), gill pouches (5 vs. 6), and prebranchial slime pores (14-18 vs. > 18), as well as the body color (dark brown back vs. gray or brown pale). In terms of genetic differences, Eptatretus wandoensis could be clearly distinguished from E. burgeri (0.9% in 16S rRNA and 8.5% in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences) and E. minor (4.5% and 13.9%).

| S-EPMC7170979 | biostudies-literature

Gene expression profiling of juvenile salmon in Pacific Northwest urban streams

Project description:Stress gene expression profiling of hepatic tissue in wild caught juvenile coho from perenial streams. Stream locations were based on a gradient of urban impact

2018-06-13 | GSE115688 | GEO

Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from the Pacific Northwest.

Project description:Since 1997, cases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-related gastroenteritis from the consumption of raw oysters harvested in Washington State have been higher than historical levels. These cases have shown little or no correlation with concentrations of potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (positive for the thermostable direct hemolysin gene, tdh) in oysters, although significant concentrations of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from shellfish-growing areas in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). We compared clinical and environmental strains isolated from the PNW to those from other geographic regions within the United States and Asia for the presence of virulence-associated genes, including the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), the thermostable-related hemolysin (trh), urease (ureR), the pandemic group specific markers orf8 and toxRS, and genes encoding both type 3 secretion systems (T3SS1 and T3SS2). The majority of clinical strains from the PNW were positive for tdh, trh, and ureR genes, while a significant proportion of environmental isolates were tdh(+) but trh negative. Hierarchical clustering grouped the majority of these clinical isolates into a cluster distinct from that including the pandemic strain RIMD2210633, clinical isolates from other geographical regions, and tdh(+), trh-negative environmental isolates from the PNW. We detected T3SS2-related genes (T3SS2β) in environmental strains that were tdh and trh negative. The presence of significant concentrations of tdh(+), trh-negative environmental strains in the PNW that have not been responsible for illness and T3SS2β in tdh- and trh-negative strains emphasizes the diversity in this species and the need to identify additional virulence markers for this bacterium to improve risk assessment tools for the detection of this pathogen.

| S-EPMC3502901 | biostudies-literature

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