Dataset Information

Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Providencia spp. from Raw Cow's Milk in Baghdad, Iraq.

ABSTRACT: A total of sixty raw milk samples were collected from (street vendors and shops) from Baghdad city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated into peptone water and, then, subcultured onto MacConkey agar and Blood agar. Identification of isolates was confirmed by microscopic examination, cultural characteristic, biochemical tests, Vitek (VITEK®2 system), and Biolog GN substrate reactions followed by 16S rRNA and specific genes sequencing. Of 60 raw cow's milk samples, Providencia spp. were identified only in 4 samples (6.67%) and P. rettgeri was the most common, 2/4 (50%), followed by P. stuartii and P. vermicola, 1/4 (25%). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against ten antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. All Providencia isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR), and the absolute resistant was 100% to tetracycline, erythromycin, and doxycycline and 50% against ampicillin\sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. They were highly susceptible (100%) to trimethoprim, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. These findings indicate that milk might be contaminated with Providencia spp. leading to transmission to humans causing poisoning, diarrhea, and other infections. This is the first study of isolated Providencia spp. from raw cow's milk.

SUBMITTER: Ayyal Al-Gburi NM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7787866 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Providencia</i> spp. from Raw Cow's Milk in Baghdad, Iraq.

Ayyal Al-Gburi Nagham Mohammed NM

Veterinary medicine international 20201119

A total of sixty raw milk samples were collected from (street vendors and shops) from Baghdad city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated into peptone water and, then, subcultured onto MacConkey agar and Blood agar. Identification of isolates was confirmed by microscopic examination, cultural characteristic, biochemical tests, Vitek (VITEK®2 system), and Biolog GN substrate reactions followed by 16S rRNA and specific genes sequencing. Of 60 raw cow's milk samples, <i>Providencia</i> spp. were identi ...[more]

PMID: 33456748

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Project description:The control of bacterial growth during milk processing is crucial for the quality maintenance of commercial milk and milk products. During a period of cold storage prior to heat treatments, some psychrotrophic bacteria grow and produce extracellular heat-resistant lipases and proteases that cause product defects. The use of lytic bacteriophages (phages) that infect and kill bacteria could be a useful tool for suppressing bacterial growth during this cold storage phase. In this study, we isolated a Pseudomonas lactis strain and a phage from raw cow's milk. Quantitative characterization of the phage was used to elucidate whether this phage was active under low temperatures and neutral pH and whether it was inactivated during pasteurization. Phage titer determination was possible under conditions ranging from pH 4 to 9 and from 3°C to 25°C; the phage was inactivated under pasteurization conditions at 63°C for 30 min. Furthermore, we showed that this phage reduced viable bacterial cell counts in both skim and whole milk. The results of this study represent the potential uses of phages for controlling psychrotrophic bacterial growth in raw cow's milk during cold storage.IMPORTANCE Suppression of bacterial growth in raw milk under cold storage is crucial for the quality control of commercially supplied milk. The use of lytic phages as low-cost microbicides is an attractive prospect. Due to strict host specificities, phages must be isolated from the raw milk where the host bacteria are growing. We first isolated the P. lactis bacterial strain and then the phage infecting that strain. Partial phage genomic analysis showed that this is a newly isolated phage, different from any previously reported. This study reports a lytic phage for P. lactis, and we have presented evidence here that this phage reduced viable bacterial cell counts not only in rich medium but also in skim and whole milk. As a result, we have concluded that the phage reported in this study would be useful in milk processing.

Project description:BackgroundIt has been estimated that at least 3% of the USA population consumes unpasteurized (raw) milk from animal sources, and the demand to legalize raw milk sales continues to increase. However, consumption of raw milk can cause foodborne illness and be a source of bacteria containing transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome and antibiotic resistome in both raw and processed milk, we systematically analyzed 2034 retail milk samples including unpasteurized milk and pasteurized milk via vat pasteurization, high-temperature-short-time pasteurization, and ultra-pasteurization from the United States using complementary culture-based, 16S rRNA gene, and metagenomic sequencing techniques.ResultsRaw milk samples had the highest prevalence of viable bacteria which were measured as all aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Escherichia coli counts, and their microbiota was distinct from other types of milk. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Pseudomonadaceae dominated raw milk with limited levels of lactic acid bacteria. Among all milk samples, the microbiota remained stable with constant bacterial populations when stored at 4?°C. In contrast, storage at room temperature dramatically enriched the bacterial populations present in raw milk samples and, in parallel, significantly increased the richness and abundance of ARGs. Metagenomic sequencing indicated raw milk possessed dramatically more ARGs than pasteurized milk, and a conjugation assay documented the active transfer of blaCMY-2, one ceftazidime resistance gene present in raw milk-borne E. coli, across bacterial species. The room temperature-enriched resistome differed in raw milk from distinct geographic locations, a difference likely associated with regionally distinct milk microbiota.ConclusionDespite advertised "probiotic" effects, our results indicate that raw milk microbiota has minimal lactic acid bacteria. In addition, retail raw milk serves as a reservoir of ARGs, populations of which are readily amplified by spontaneous fermentation. There is an increased need to understand potential food safety risks from improper transportation and storage of raw milk with regard to ARGs. Video Abstract.

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Project description:BackgroundThe maternal near-miss concept has been developed as an instrument for assisting health systems to evaluate and improve their quality of care. Our study aimed at studying the characteristics and quality of care provided to women with severe complications in Baghdad through the use of the World Health Organization (WHO) near-miss approach for maternal health.MethodsThis is a facility-based, cross-sectional study conducted in 6 public hospitals in Baghdad between March 1, 2010 and the June 30, 2010. WHO near-miss approach was utilized to analyze the data in terms of indicators of maternal near miss and access to and quality of maternal care.ResultsThe maternal near-miss rate was low at 5.06 per 1,000 live births, while the overall maternal near miss: mortality ratio was 9:1. One third of the near-miss cases were referred from other facilities and the mortality index was the same for referred women and for in-hospital women (11%). The intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate was 37% for women with severe maternal outcomes (SMO), while the overall admission rate was 0.28%. Anemia (55%) and previous cesarean section (45%) were the most common associated conditions with severe maternal morbidity. The use of magnesium sulfate for treatment of eclampsia, oxytocin for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage, prophylactic antibiotics during caesarean section, and corticosteroids for inducing fetal lung maturation in preterm birth is suboptimum.ConclusionsThe WHO near-miss approach allowed systematic identification of the roadblocks to improve quality of care and then monitoring the progress. Critical evidence-based practices, relevant to the management of women experiencing life-threatening conditions, are underused. In addition, possible limitations in the referral system result in a very high proportion of women presenting at the hospital already in a severe health condition (i.e. with organ dysfunction). A shortage of ICU beds leading to women taken care of without admission to ICU may also contribute to a high proportion of maternal deaths and organ dysfunction.

Dataset Information

Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Providencia spp. from Raw Cow's Milk in Baghdad, Iraq.

Publications

Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Providencia</i> spp. from Raw Cow's Milk in Baghdad, Iraq.

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