Dataset Information

A scoping review of severe maternal morbidity: describing risk factors and methodological approaches to inform population-based surveillance.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Current interest in using severe maternal morbidity (SMM) as a quality indicator for maternal healthcare will require the development of a standardized method for estimating hospital or regional SMM rates that includes adjustment and/or stratification for risk factors.

Objective

To perform a scoping review to identify methodological considerations and potential covariates for risk adjustment for delivery-associated SMM.

Search methods

Following the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews, systematic searches were conducted with the entire PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases to identify publications using the key term "severe maternal morbidity."

Selection criteria

Included studies required population-based cohort data and testing or adjustment of risk factors for SMM occurring during the delivery admission. Descriptive studies and those using surveillance-based data collection methods were excluded.

Data collection and analysis

Information was extracted into a pre-defined database. Study design and eligibility, overall quality and results, SMM definitions, and patient-, hospital-, and community-level risk factors and their definitions were assessed.

Main results

Eligibility criteria were met by 81 studies. Methodological approaches were heterogeneous and study results could not be combined quantitatively because of wide variability in data sources, study designs, eligibility criteria, definitions of SMM, and risk-factor selection and definitions. Of the 180 potential risk factors identified, 41 were categorized as pre-existing conditions (e.g., chronic hypertension), 22 as obstetrical conditions (e.g., multiple gestation), 22 as intrapartum conditions (e.g., delivery route), 15 as non-clinical variables (e.g., insurance type), 58 as hospital-level variables (e.g., delivery volume), and 22 as community-level variables (e.g., neighborhood poverty).

Conclusions

The development of a risk adjustment strategy that will allow for SMM comparisons across hospitals or regions will require harmonization regarding: a) the standardization of the SMM definition; b) the data sources and population used; and c) the selection and definition of risk factors of interest.

SUBMITTER: Korst LM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7789633 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

A scoping review of severe maternal morbidity: describing risk factors and methodological approaches to inform population-based surveillance.

Korst Lisa M LM Gregory Kimberly D KD Nicholas Lisa A LA Saeb Samia S Reynen David J DJ Troyan Jennifer L JL Greene Naomi N Fridman Moshe M

Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology 20210106 1

<h4>Background</h4>Current interest in using severe maternal morbidity (SMM) as a quality indicator for maternal healthcare will require the development of a standardized method for estimating hospital or regional SMM rates that includes adjustment and/or stratification for risk factors.<h4>Objective</h4>To perform a scoping review to identify methodological considerations and potential covariates for risk adjustment for delivery-associated SMM.<h4>Search methods</h4>Following the guidelines for ...[more]

PMID: 33407937

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Project description:BackgroundSevere maternal morbidity is an important proxy for maternal mortality. Population attributable fraction is the proportion of a disease that is attributable to a given risk factor and can be used to estimate the reduction in the disease that would be anticipated if a risk factor was reduced or eliminated.ObjectiveWe sought to determine the population-attributable fraction (PAF) of potentially modifiable risk factors for severe maternal morbidity.Study designWe used a retrospective cohort of 86,260 delivery hospitalizations from Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA for this analysis (2003-2012). Severe maternal morbidity was defined as any of the following: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision diagnosis and procedure codes for the identification of maternal morbidity; prolonged postpartum length of stay (defined as >3 standard deviations beyond the mean length of stay: >3 days for vaginal deliveries and >5 days for Cesarean deliveries); or maternal intensive care unit admission. We used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to estimate the association of prepregnancy overweight or obesity, maternal age ≥35 years, preexisting hypertension, preexisting diabetes, excessive gestational weight gain, smoking, education, and marital status with severe maternal morbidity. We then calculated the PAF for each risk factor. We also examined the impact of modest reductions and elimination of risk factors on the PAF of severe maternal morbidity.ResultsThe overall rate of severe maternal morbidity was 2.0%. Overweight and obesity, maternal age ≥35 years, preexisting hypertension, excessive gestational weight gain, and lack of a college degree had PAF ranging from 4.5% to 13%. If all risk factors were eliminated, 36% of cases could have been prevented. Modest reductions in the prevalence of excessive BMI and advanced maternal age had minimal impact on preventing severe maternal morbidity. Smoking during pregnancy and marital status were not associated with severe maternal morbidity.ConclusionsOur data suggest maternal morbidity can be reduced by modifying common, individual-level risk factors. Nevertheless, the majority of cases were not attributable to the patient level risk factors we examined. These data support the need for large studies of patient-, provider-, system- and population-level factors to identify high-impact interventions to reduce maternal morbidity.

Project description:BackgroundMaternal morbidity estimations are not based on well-documented methodologies and thus have limited validity for informing efforts to address the issue and improve maternal health. To fill this gap, maternal morbidity needs to be clearly defined, driving the development of tools and indicators to measure and monitor maternal health. This article describes the scoping exercise conducted by the World Health Organization's Department of Reproductive of Health and Research (WHO/RHR), as an essential first step in this process.MethodsA literature review was conducted to identify the range of definitions and conditions included in various studies of maternal morbidity with a special focus on the similarities and discrepancies of the definitions used across the studies. Furthermore a questionnaire was developed which included sections on key areas identified during the review and was sent out electronically to 130 international experts in the field of maternal health.ResultsMaternal morbidities have been categorized in a variety of ways based on the causes, types of complications, and/or timeline. Issues regarding the time frame, severity, identification and classification and demographics were identified as key areas in the literature that require further investigation to achieve consensus on a maternal morbidity definition. Fifty-five (N = 55) individuals responded with completed questionnaires. Respondents' views on the time frame for the postpartum period varied from 6 weeks to beyond one year postpartum, it was noted that time frame depended on the type of complication. The majority of respondents said maternal morbidity should comprise a continuum of severity, whereas the identification of the cases should use a mixed criteria employing multiple methods.ConclusionsSignificant discrepancy in literature and expert opinion exists concerning elements of a maternal morbidity definition. There is a clear need for a concrete definition that would allow for consistent measurement and monitoring of maternal morbidity across settings and time.

Project description:ImportanceSevere maternal morbidity is defined by potentially life-threatening conditions. The association between the number of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) indicators and maternal death is not known.ObjectiveTo quantify the association between the number of SMM indicators and maternal mortality.Design, setting, and participantsThis population-based cohort study used provincial databases for data on all live birth and stillbirth hospital deliveries among women in Ontario, Canada, from April 1, 2002, to February 18, 2017. Excluded from this cohort were those with invalid identification number, non-Ontario residency, maternal age younger than 10 years or older than 55 years or unknown, or gestational age fewer than 20 weeks or unknown as well as any out-of-hospital births, ectopic pregnancies, or spontaneous or induced abortions.ExposuresNumber of SMM indicators identified between 20 weeks' gestation and 42 days after the index delivery.Main outcomes and measuresMaternal death occurring from delivery to 42 days after the index delivery.ResultsOf the 1?953?943 total births among 1?211?396 women, 181 maternal deaths occurred within 42 days after birth, a rate of 9.3 per 100?000 births. Of the 181 women who died, 123 (68.0%) had at least 1 SMM indicator compared with 1.7% (33?152) of women who survived. Standardized differences suggested that women who died, compared with the women who lived, were older (mean [SD] age, 31.0 [6.2] years vs 30.1 [5.5] years; standardized difference, 0.15) and more likely to reside in a lower-income area (99 [54.7%] vs 832?231 [42.6%]; standardized difference, 0.24), be nulliparous (93 [51.4%] vs 880?386 [45.1%]; standardized difference, 0.13), and be of Afro-Caribbean origin (12 [6.6%] vs 64?948 [3.3%]; standardized difference, 0.15). The most frequent SMM indicators were intensive care unit admission (81 [44.8%]), invasive ventilation (77 [42.5%]), cardiac conditions (69 [38.1%]), complications of obstetric surgery or procedures (32 [17.7%]), and postpartum hemorrhage with blood transfusion (31 [17.1%]). The rate of maternal mortality increased exponentially with the number of SMM indicators: 0 indicators (3.0 per 100?000 births), 1 (71.7 per 100?000 births), 2 (385.9 per 100?000 births), 3 (1274.2 per 100?000 births), 4 (2236.8 per 100?000 births), 5 (4285.7 per 100?000 births), and 6 or more (9422.5 per 100?000 births). Adjusted relative risks for maternal death ranged from 20.1 (95% CI, 11.6-34.7) with 1 SMM indicator to 2192.0 (95% CI, 1287.0-3735.0) with 6 or more SMM indicators compared with 0 indicators.Conclusions and relevanceMaternal death may be associated with the number of SMM indicators and occur in certain identifiable groups of women; targeting preventable SMM indicators or limiting their progression may reduce the number of maternal deaths.

Project description:Severe maternal morbidity conditions such as sepsis, embolism and cardiac arrest during the delivery hospitalization period can lead to extended length of hospital stays, life-long maternal health problems, and high medical costs. Most importantly, these conditions also contribute to the risk of maternal death. This population-based observational study proposed and evaluated the impact of expanding the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) measure of severe maternal morbidity by including additional comorbidities and intensive care admissions during delivery hospitalizations and examined associated factors. A New York State linked hospitalization and birth record database was used. Study participants included all New York State female residents, ages 10 to 55 years, who delivered a live infant in a New York acute care hospital between 2008 and 2013, inclusive. Incidence trends for both severe maternal morbidity measures were evaluated longitudinally. Associations between covariates and the two severe maternal morbidity measures were examined with logistic regression models, solved using generalized estimating equations and stratified by method of delivery. The New York expanded severe maternal morbidity measure identified 34,478 cases among 1,352,600 hospital deliveries (estimated incidence 2.55%) representing a 3% increase in the number of cases compared to the CDC measure. Both estimates increased over the study period (p<0.001). Covariates with an odds ratio > 1.5 included most measured comorbidities (e.g., pregnancy-induced hypertension, placentation disorder), multiple births, preterm birth, no prenatal care, hospitalization prior to delivery, higher levels of perinatal care birthing facilities and race/ethnicity. Expanding the measure for severe maternal morbidity during delivery to capture intensive care admissions provides a more sensitive estimate of disease burden. Perinatal regionalization in New York appears effective in routing high risk pregnancies to higher levels of perinatal care birthing facilities.

Project description:BackgroundSevere maternal morbidity (SMM) is a key indicator of maternal health. Generally explored without distinction by the timing of the event, it mainly reflects postpartum SMM. Although antepartum (pre-labour) SMM presents specific challenges in its need to optimise the risk-benefit balance for both mother and foetus, its features remain inadequately explored.ObjectivesWe explored risk factors of antepartum SMM and described adverse delivery and neonatal outcomes associated with antepartum SMM.MethodsWe designed a population-based nested case-control study based on data from the EPIMOMS study (119 maternity hospitals of 6 French regions, 2012-2013, N = 182,309 deliveries in the source cohort). This study included all women with antepartum SMM (cases, n = 601) compared to a randomly selected sample of women who gave birth without SMM in the same hospitals (controls, n = 3651). Antepartum SMM risk factors were identified with multivariable logistic regression following imputations for missing data.ResultsAntepartum SMM complicated 0.33% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30, 0.36) of pregnancies. Antepartum SMM risk factors were maternal age ≥35 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% CI 1.22, 1.97), increased body mass index (OR for 5 kg/m2 increase, 1.24, 95% CI 1.14, 1.36), maternal birth in sub-Saharan Africa (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.29, 2.53), pre-existing medical condition (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.99, 3.30), nulliparity (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.83, 2.80), previous pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders (OR 4.94, 95% CI 3.36, 7.26), multiple pregnancy (OR 5.79, 95% CI 3.75, 7.26), irregular prenatal care (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.27, 2.72). For women with antepartum SMM, preterm delivery, neonatal mortality and transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit were 10 times more frequent than for controls. Emergency caesarean and general anaesthesia were more frequent in women with antepartum SMM.ConclusionsAntepartum SMM is rare but associated with increased rates of adverse delivery and neonatal outcomes.

Dataset Information

A scoping review of severe maternal morbidity: describing risk factors and methodological approaches to inform population-based surveillance.

Background

Objective

Search methods

Selection criteria

Data collection and analysis

Main results

Conclusions

Publications

A scoping review of severe maternal morbidity: describing risk factors and methodological approaches to inform population-based surveillance.

Similar Datasets

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