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Complete chloroplast genome of the grain Chenopodium quinoa Willd., an important economical and dietary plant.

ABSTRACT: The grain Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is the main traditional food of Inca aboriginal, which was a native grain in South American Andes Mountains, the edible and cultivation history of which has been more than five thousand years. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of C. quinoa on the Illumina platform by shotgun genome skimming method. The complete chloroplast genome of C. quinoa was 152,087 bp in length with the GC content 37.2%, which was comprised of a large single copy (LSC) region of 83,570 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,107 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRA/IRB) of 25,205 bp. The chloroplast genome encoded 133 genes including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method strongly supported the monophyly of each genus in the family Chenopodiaceae, and the genus Chenopodium is sister to Spinacia as a cluster, which closely grouped to Dysphania.

SUBMITTER: Gao MZ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7801064 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The total area under quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivation and the consumption of its grain have increased in recent years because of its nutritional properties and ability to grow under adverse conditions, such as drought. Climate change scenarios predict extended periods of drought and this has emphasized the need for new crops that are tolerant to these conditions. The main goal of this work was to evaluate crop yield and quality parameters and to characterize the physiology of two varieties of quinoa grown under water deficit in greenhouse conditions. Two varieties of quinoa from the Chilean coast (Rainbow) and altiplano (Illpa) were used, grown under full irrigation or two different levels of water deficit applied during the grain filling period. There were no marked differences in yield and quality parameters between treatments, but the root biomass was higher in plants grown under severe water deficit conditions compared to control. Photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance decreased with increased water stress in both cultivars, but the coastal variety showed higher water use efficiency and less discrimination of 13C under water deficit. This response was associated with greater root development and a better stomatal opening adjustment, especially in the case of Rainbow. The capacity of Rainbow to increase its osmoregulant content (compounds such as proline, glutamine, glutamate, K and Na) could enable a potential osmotic adjustment in this variety. Moreover, the lower stomatal opening and transpiration rates were also associated with higher leaf ABA concentration values detected in Rainbow. We found negative logarithmic relationships between stomatal conductance and leaf ABA concentration in both varieties, with significant R2 values of 0.50 and 0.22 in Rainbow and Illpa, respectively. These moderate-to-medium values suggest that, in addition to ABA signaling, other causes for stomatal closure in quinoa under drought such as hydraulic regulation may play a role. In conclusion, this work showed that two quinoa cultivars use different strategies in the face of water deficit stress, and these prevent decreases in grain yield and quality under drought conditions.

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Complete chloroplast genome of the grain Chenopodium quinoa Willd., an important economical and dietary plant.

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