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Gait parameters of Parkinson's disease compared with healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT: We systematically reviewed observational and clinical trials (baseline) studies examining differences in gait parameters between Parkinson's disease (PD) in on-medication state and healthy control. Four electronic databases were searched (November-2018 and updated in October-2020). Independent researchers identified studies that evaluated gait parameters measured quantitatively during self-selected walking speed. Risk of bias was assessed using an instrument proposed by Downs and Black (1998). Pooled effects were reported as standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects model. A total of 72 studies involving 3027 participants (1510 with PD and 1517 health control) met the inclusion criteria. The self-selected walking speed, stride length, swing time and hip excursion were reduced in people with PD compared with healthy control. Additionally, PD subjects presented higher cadence and double support time. Although with a smaller difference for treadmill, walking speed is reduced both on treadmill (.13 m s^-1) and on overground (.17 m s^-1) in PD. The self-select walking speed, stride length, cadence, double support, swing time and sagittal hip angle were altered in people with PD compared with healthy control. The precise determination of these modifications will be beneficial in determining which intervention elements are most critical in bringing about positive, clinically meaningful changes in individuals with PD (PROSPERO protocol CRD42018113042).

SUBMITTER: Zanardi APJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7804291 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Gait parameters of Parkinson's disease compared with healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Zanardi Ana Paula Janner APJ da Silva Edson Soares ES Costa Rochelle Rocha RR Passos-Monteiro Elren E Dos Santos Ivan Oliveira IO Kruel Luiz Fernando Martins LFM Peyré-Tartaruga Leonardo Alexandre LA

Scientific reports 20210112 1

We systematically reviewed observational and clinical trials (baseline) studies examining differences in gait parameters between Parkinson's disease (PD) in on-medication state and healthy control. Four electronic databases were searched (November-2018 and updated in October-2020). Independent researchers identified studies that evaluated gait parameters measured quantitatively during self-selected walking speed. Risk of bias was assessed using an instrument proposed by Downs and Black (1998). P ...[more]

PMID: 33436993

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Project description:Background: Gait impairments are common in healthy older adults (HOA) and people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD), especially when adaptations to the environment are required. Traditional rehabilitation programs do not typically address these adaptive gait demands in contrast to repeated gait perturbation training (RGPT). RGPT is a novel reactive form of gait training with potential for both short and long-term consolidation in HOA and PwPD. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to determine whether RGPT is more effective than non-RGPT gait training in improving gait and balance in HOA and PwPD in the short and longer term. Methods: This review was conducted according to the PRISMA-guidelines and pre-registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020183273). Included studies tested the effects of any form of repeated perturbations during gait in HOA and PwPD on gait speed, step or stride length. Studies using balance scales or sway measures as outcomes were included in a secondary analysis. Effects of randomized controlled trials (RCT) on RGPT were pooled using a meta-analysis of final measures. Results: Of the 4421 studies, eight studies were deemed eligible for review, of which six could be included in the meta-analysis, totaling 209 participants (159 PwPD and 50 HOA). The studies were all of moderate quality. The meta-analysis revealed no significant effects of RGPT over non-RGPT training on gait performance (SMD = 0.16; 95% CI = -0.18, 0.49; Z = 0.92; P = 0.36). Yet, in some individual studies, favorable effects on gait speed, step length and stride length were observed immediately after the intervention as well as after a retention period. Gait variability and asymmetry, signifying more direct outcomes of gait adaptation, also indicated favorable RGPT effects in some individual studies. Conclusion: Despite some promising results, the pooled effects of RGPT on gait and balance were not significantly greater as compared to non-RGPT gait training in PwPD and HOA. However, these findings could have been driven by low statistical power. Therefore, the present review points to the imperative to conduct sufficiently powered RCT's to verify the true effects of RGPT on gait and balance in HOA and PwPD. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php? Identifier: CRD42020183273.

Project description:PurposeTo quantify rate of change of retinal microvascular and choroidal structural parameters in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with controls using OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA).DesignProspective longitudinal study.ParticipantsSeventy-four eyes of 40 participants with PD and 149 eyes of 78 control individuals from the Eye Multimodal Imaging in Neurodegenerative Disease database.MethodsSubjects underwent OCT and OCTA imaging at 2 time points approximately 12 months apart.Main outcome measuresImaging parameters included central subfield thickness, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, choroidal vascularity index, superficial capillary plexus perfusion density (PFD), vessel density (VD), and foveal avascular zone area.ResultsParticipants with PD had greater rate of yearly decrease in GC-IPL (PD = -0.403μm, control = + 0.128 μm; P = 0.01), greater yearly decline in PFD in the 3 × 3 mm ETDRS circle (PD = -0.016, control = + 0.002; P < 0.001) and ring (PD = -0.016, control = + 0.002; P < 0.001); 6 × 6 mm ETDRS circle (PD = -0.021, control = 0.00; P = 0.001), and outer ring (PD = -0.022, control = 0.00; P = 0.001). Participants with PD had greater rate of yearly decline in VD in 3 × 3 mm circle (PD = -0.939/mm, control = + 0.006/mm; P < 0.001) and ring (PD = -0.942/mm, control = + 0.013/mm; P < 0.001); 6 × 6 mm circle (PD = -0.72/mm, control = -0.054/mm; P = 0.006), and outer ring (PD = -0.746/mm, control = -0.054/mm; P = 0.005). When stratified by PD severity based on Hoehn and Yahr stage, faster rates of decline were seen in Hoehn and Yahr stages 3 to 4 in the 3 × 3 mm circle PFD and VD as well as 3 × 3 mm ring VD.ConclusionsIndividuals with PD experience more rapid loss of retinal microvasculature quantified on OCTA and more rapid thinning of the GC-IPL than controls. There may be more rapid loss in patients with greater disease severity.Financial disclosuresThe author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Project description:Distinct gait characteristics like short steps and shuffling gait are prototypical signs commonly observed in Parkinson's disease. Routinely assessed by observation through clinicians, gait is rated as part of categorical clinical scores. There is an increasing need to provide quantitative measurements of gait, e.g. to provide detailed information about disease progression. Recently, we developed a wearable sensor-based gait analysis system as diagnostic tool that objectively assesses gait parameter in Parkinson's disease without the need of having a specialized gait laboratory. This system consists of inertial sensor units attached laterally to both shoes. The computed target of measures are spatiotemporal gait parameters including stride length and time, stance phase time, heel-strike and toe-off angle, toe clearance, and inter-stride variation from gait sequences. To translate this prototype into medical care, we conducted a cross-sectional study including 190 Parkinson's disease patients and 101 age-matched controls and measured gait characteristics during a 4x10 meter walk at the subjects' preferred speed. To determine intraindividual changes in gait, we monitored the gait characteristics of 63 patients longitudinally. Cross-sectional analysis revealed distinct spatiotemporal gait parameter differences reflecting typical Parkinson's disease gait characteristics including short steps, shuffling gait, and postural instability specific for different disease stages and levels of motor impairment. The longitudinal analysis revealed that gait parameters were sensitive to changes by mirroring the progressive nature of Parkinson's disease and corresponded to physician ratings. Taken together, we successfully show that wearable sensor-based gait analysis reaches clinical applicability providing a high biomechanical resolution for gait impairment in Parkinson's disease. These data demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of objective wearable sensor-based gait measurement in Parkinson's disease reaching high technological readiness levels for both, large scale clinical studies and individual patient care.

Dataset Information

Gait parameters of Parkinson's disease compared with healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Publications

Gait parameters of Parkinson's disease compared with healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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