Dataset Information

Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a high-density informal settlement in Kenya is associated with environmental risk-factors.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The relationship between antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance varies with cultural, socio-economic, and environmental factors. We examined these relationships in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi-Kenya, characterized by high population density, high burden of respiratory disease and diarrhea.

Methods

Two-hundred households were enrolled in a 5-month longitudinal study. One adult (??18 years) and one child (??5 years) participated per household. Biweekly interviews (n?=?1516) that included questions on water, sanitation, hygiene, and antibiotic use in the previous two weeks were conducted, and 2341 stool, 2843 hand swabs and 1490 drinking water samples collected. Presumptive E. coli (n?=?34,042) were isolated and tested for susceptibility to nine antibiotics.

Results

Eighty percent of presumptive E. coli were resistant to???3 antibiotic classes. Stool isolates were resistant to trimethoprim (mean: 81%), sulfamethoxazole (80%), ampicillin (68%), streptomycin (60%) and tetracycline (55%). Ninety-seven households reported using an antibiotic in at least one visit over the study period for a total of 144 episodes and 190 antibiotic doses. Enrolled children had five times the number of episodes reported by enrolled adults (96 vs. 19). Multivariable linear mixed-effects models indicated that children eating soil from the household yard and the presence of informal hand-washing stations were associated with increased numbers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (counts increasing by 0·27-0·80 log₁₀ and 0·22-0·51 log₁₀ respectively, depending on the antibiotic tested). Rainy conditions were associated with reduced carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (1·19 to 3·26 log₁₀ depending on the antibiotic tested).

Conclusions

Antibiotic use provided little explanatory power for the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Transmission of resistant bacteria in this setting through unsanitary living conditions likely overwhelms incremental changes in antibiotic use. Under such circumstances, sanitation, hygiene, and disease transmission are the limiting factors for reducing the prevalence of resistant bacteria.

SUBMITTER: Omulo S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7821723 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a high-density informal settlement in Kenya is associated with environmental risk-factors.

Omulo Sylvia S Lofgren Eric T ET Lockwood Svetlana S Thumbi Samuel M SM Bigogo Godfrey G Ouma Alice A Verani Jennifer R JR Juma Bonventure B Njenga M Kariuki MK Kariuki Samuel S McElwain Terry F TF Palmer Guy H GH Call Douglas R DR

Antimicrobial resistance and infection control 20210122 1

<h4>Background</h4>The relationship between antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance varies with cultural, socio-economic, and environmental factors. We examined these relationships in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi-Kenya, characterized by high population density, high burden of respiratory disease and diarrhea.<h4>Methods</h4>Two-hundred households were enrolled in a 5-month longitudinal study. One adult (≥ 18 years) and one child (≤ 5 years) participated per household. Biweekly i ...[more]

PMID: 33482919

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Dataset Information

Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a high-density informal settlement in Kenya is associated with environmental risk-factors.

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a high-density informal settlement in Kenya is associated with environmental risk-factors.

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