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Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Sustainable Synthesis of Gold Sol Displaying Dichroic Effect.

ABSTRACT: Gold nanoparticles depending on their shape and mixtures of multiple shapes can exhibit peculiar optical properties, including the dichroic effect typical of the Lycurgus cup, which has puzzled scientists for a long time. Such optical properties have been recently exploited in several fields such as paint technology, sensors, dichroic polarizers, display (LCD) devices, laser applications, solar cells and photothermal therapy among others. In this article, we have demonstrated a simple room temperature one-pot synthesis of gold sol displaying a dichroic effect using a slow reduction protocol involving only trisodium citrate as a reducing agent. We found that the dichroic gold sol can be easily formed at room temperature by reducing gold salt by trisodium citrate below a certain critical concentration. The sol displayed an orangish-brown color in scattered/reflected light and violet/blue/indigo/purple/red/pink in transmitted light, depending on the experimental conditions. With minor changes such as the introduction of a third molecule or replacing a small amount of water in the reaction mixture with ethanol, the color of the gold sol under transmitted light changed and a variety of shades of red, pink, cobalt blue, violet, magenta and purple were obtained. The main advantage of the proposed method lies in its simplicity, which involves the identification of the right ratio of the reactants, and simple mixing of reactants at room temperature with no other requirements. TEM micrographs displayed the formation of two main types of particles viz. single crystal gold nanoplates and polycrystalline faceted polyhedron nanoparticles. The mechanism of growth of the nanoplates and faceted polyhedron particles have been described by an enhanced diffusion limited aggregation numerical scheme, where it was assumed that both trisodium citrate and the gold ions in solution undergo a stochastic Brownian motion, and that the evolution of the entire system is regulated by a principle of energy minimization. The predictions of the model matched with the experiments with a good accuracy, indicating that the initial hypothesis is correct.

SUBMITTER: Jakhmola A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7830637 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Sustainable Synthesis of Gold Sol Displaying Dichroic Effect.

Jakhmola Anshuman A Vecchione Raffaele R Onesto Valentina V Gentile Francesco F Celentano Maurizio M Netti Paolo Antonio PA

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 20210118 1

Gold nanoparticles depending on their shape and mixtures of multiple shapes can exhibit peculiar optical properties, including the dichroic effect typical of the Lycurgus cup, which has puzzled scientists for a long time. Such optical properties have been recently exploited in several fields such as paint technology, sensors, dichroic polarizers, display (LCD) devices, laser applications, solar cells and photothermal therapy among others. In this article, we have demonstrated a simple room tempe ...[more]

PMID: 33477466

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Project description:G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), also called 7TM receptors, form a huge superfamily of membrane proteins that, upon activation by extracellular agonists, pass the signal to the cell interior. Ligands can bind either to extracellular N-terminus and loops (e.g. glutamate receptors) or to the binding site within transmembrane helices (Rhodopsin-like family). They are all activated by agonists although a spontaneous auto-activation of an empty receptor can also be observed. Biochemical and crystallographic methods together with molecular dynamics simulations and other theoretical techniques provided models of the receptor activation based on the action of so-called "molecular switches" buried in the receptor structure. They are changed by agonists but also by inverse agonists evoking an ensemble of activation states leading toward different activation pathways. Switches discovered so far include the ionic lock switch, the 3-7 lock switch, the tyrosine toggle switch linked with the nPxxy motif in TM7, and the transmission switch. The latter one was proposed instead of the tryptophan rotamer toggle switch because no change of the rotamer was observed in structures of activated receptors. The global toggle switch suggested earlier consisting of a vertical rigid motion of TM6, seems also to be implausible based on the recent crystal structures of GPCRs with agonists. Theoretical and experimental methods (crystallography, NMR, specific spectroscopic methods like FRET/BRET but also single-molecule-force-spectroscopy) are currently used to study the effect of ligands on the receptor structure, location of stable structural segments/domains of GPCRs, and to answer the still open question on how ligands are binding: either via ensemble of conformational receptor states or rather via induced fit mechanisms. On the other hand the structural investigations of homoand heterodimers and higher oligomers revealed the mechanism of allosteric signal transmission and receptor activation that could lead to design highly effective and selective allosteric or ago-allosteric drugs.

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Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Sustainable Synthesis of Gold Sol Displaying Dichroic Effect.

Publications

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Sustainable Synthesis of Gold Sol Displaying Dichroic Effect.

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