Project description:The COVID-19-the worst pandemic since the Spanish flu-has dramatically changed the world, with a significant number of people suffering from and dying of the disease. Some scholars argue that democratic governments are disadvantaged in coping with the current pandemic mainly because they cannot intervene in their citizens' lives as aggressively as their authoritarian counterparts. Other scholars, however, suggest that possible data manipulation may account for the apparent advantage of authoritarian countries. Taking such a possibility seriously, this paper analyzes the relationship between political regimes, data transparency, and COVID-19 deaths using cross-national data for over 108 countries, obtained from Worldometer COVID-19 Data, Polity V Project, Variety of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, HRV Transparency Project among other sources. Regression analyses indicate that authoritarian countries do not necessarily tend to have fewer COVID-19 deaths than their democratic counterparts after controlling for other factors, especially data transparency. The transparency variable itself, on the other hand, is positively correlated with the number of death cases more consistently (P <0.05). Overall, the estimation results point to the possible data manipulation, not the nature of regime characteristics itself, as a more significant source for the seemingly low casualty rates in authoritarian countries.
Project description:Human beings have experienced a serious public health event as the new pneumonia (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has killed more than 3000 people in China, most of them elderly or people with underlying chronic diseases or immunosuppressed states. Rapid assessment and early warning are essential for outbreak analysis in response to serious public health events. This paper reviews the current model analysis methods and conclusions from both micro and macro perspectives. The establishment of a comprehensive assessment model, and the use of model analysis prediction, is very efficient for the early warning of infectious diseases. This would significantly improve global surveillance capacity, particularly in developing regions, and improve basic training in infectious diseases and molecular epidemiology.
Project description:Bat sarbecovirus BANAL-236 is highly related to SARS-CoV-2 and infects human cells, albeit lacking the furin cleavage site in its spike protein. BANAL-236 replicates efficiently and pauci-symptomatically in humanized mice and in macaques, where its tropism is enteric, strongly differing from that of SARS-CoV-2. BANAL-236 infection leads to protection against superinfection by a virulent strain. We find no evidence of antibodies recognizing bat sarbecoviruses in populations in close contact with bats in which the virus was identified, indicating that such spillover infections, if they occur, are rare. Six passages in humanized mice or in human intestinal cells, mimicking putative early spillover events, select adaptive mutations without appearance of a furin cleavage site and no change in virulence. Therefore, acquisition of a furin site in the spike protein is likely a pre-spillover event that did not occur upon replication of a SARS-CoV-2-like bat virus in humans or other animals. Other hypotheses regarding the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 should therefore be evaluated, including the presence of sarbecoviruses carrying a spike with a furin cleavage site in bats.
Project description:The recent emergence of COVID-19 presents a major global crisis. Profound knowledge gaps remain about the interaction between the virus and the immune system. Here, we used a systems biology approach to analyze immune responses in 76 COVID-19 patients and 69 age and sex- matched controls, from Hong Kong and Atlanta. Mass cytometry revealed prolonged plasmablast and effector T cell responses, reduced myeloid expression of HLA-DR and inhibition of mTOR signaling in plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) during infection. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, including EN-RAGE, TNFSF14, and Oncostatin-M, which correlated with disease severity, and increased bacterial DNA and endotoxin in plasma in and reduced HLA-DR and CD86 but enhanced EN-RAGE expression in myeloid cells in severe transient expression of IFN stimulated genes in moderate infections, consistent with transcriptomic analysis of bulk PBMCs, that correlated with transient and low levels of plasma COVID-19.
Project description:In this article, we report first data on the urinary test COVID31 that enables prediction of critical progression and death outcomes in COVID-19 patients. COVID31 is composed of 31 endogenous peptides mainly derived from various collagen chains that enable differentiation of moderate and severe disease courses from those that progress to a critical state or death. The test is based on non-invasive urine analysis and expected to have a major impact on the management of COVID-19 outpatients by guiding patient’s stratification towards timely and targeted intervention to improve disease outcome.
Project description:In order to identify differentially abundant proteins, human plasma samples from COVID-19 patients with either a mild or moderate (MM) or a critical or severe (CS) disease course from acute phase of infection were analyzed on antibody microarrays 998 different proteins by 1,425 antibodies.