Dataset Information

Longitudinal relationships among visual acuity, daily functional status, and mortality: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study.

ABSTRACT:

Importance

Determination of the mechanisms by which visual loss increases mortality risk is important for developing interventional strategies.

Objective

To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of loss of visual acuity (VA) on mortality risk through functional status changes among aging adults.

Design, setting, and participants

Prospective longitudinal study of a population-based sample of 2520 noninstitutionalized adults aged 65 to 84 years from September 16, 1993, through July 26, 2003, in the greater Salisbury area of Maryland. Participants underwent reassessment 2, 6, and 8 years after baseline. Mortality status was ascertained from linkage with the National Death Index through 2009.

Exposures

Results of VA testing and self-reported functional status based on activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL).

Main outcomes and measure

Mortality.

Results

Worse VA levels at baseline were associated with an increased the risk for mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16 [95% CI, 1.04-1.28]; P < .01) through their effect on lower IADL levels at baseline. Declines in VA over time were associated with increased mortality risk (HR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.27-2.51]; P < .001) by way of decreasing IADL levels over time. Participants experiencing the mean linear decline in VA of 1 letter on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study acuity chart per year are expected to have a 16% increase in mortality risk during the 8-year study exclusively through associated declines in IADL levels.

Conclusions and relevance

In this longitudinal study of older adults, VA loss adversely affected IADL levels, which subsequently increased the risk for mortality. Prevention of disabling ocular conditions, treatment of correctable visual impairment, and interventions designed to prevent the effect of visual impairment on IADL declines may all reduce mortality risk in aging adults.

SUBMITTER: Christ SL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7894742 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Longitudinal relationships among visual acuity, daily functional status, and mortality: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study.

Christ Sharon L SL Zheng D Diane DD Swenor Bonnielin K BK Lam Byron L BL West Sheila K SK Tannenbaum Stacey L SL Muñoz Beatriz E BE Lee David J DJ

JAMA ophthalmology 20141201 12

<h4>Importance</h4>Determination of the mechanisms by which visual loss increases mortality risk is important for developing interventional strategies.<h4>Objective</h4>To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of loss of visual acuity (VA) on mortality risk through functional status changes among aging adults.<h4>Design, setting, and participants</h4>Prospective longitudinal study of a population-based sample of 2520 noninstitutionalized adults aged 65 to 84 years from September 16, 1993, thr ...[more]

PMID: 25144579

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Project description:Abstract:The visual system is highly variable across species, and such variability is a key factor influencing animal behavior. Variation in the visual system, for instance, can influence the outcome of learning tasks when visual stimuli are used. We illustrate this issue in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) artificially selected for large and small relative brain size with pronounced behavioral differences in learning experiments and mate choice tests. We performed a study of the visual system by quantifying eye size and optomotor response of large-brained and small-brained guppies. This represents the first experimental test of the link between brain size evolution and visual acuity. We found that female guppies have larger eyes than male guppies, both in absolute terms and in relation to their body size. Likewise, individuals selected for larger brains had slightly larger eyes but not better visual acuity than small-brained guppies. However, body size was positively associated with visual acuity. We discuss our findings in relation to previous macroevolutionary studies on the evolution of brain morphology, eye morphology, visual acuity, and ecological variables, while stressing the importance of accounting for sensory abilities in behavioral studies. Significance statement:Pre-existing perceptual biases can be keys for the development of specific behavioral patterns. Hence, potential differences in sensory systems need to be taken into account in the study of animal behavior. We highlight this necessity concentrating on the visual domain and using experimental data on brain size-selected guppies in which we assessed eye size and visual acuity. Behavioral differences between large-brained and small-brained guppies in learning and mate choice predominantly relied on tests using visual cues. Analyses of visual capabilities in this system are therefore necessary. Furthermore, this system offers the unprecedented opportunity to experimentally test the relationship between brain size, eye morphology, and visual capabilities. Our results show similar visual acuities between large-brained and small-brained guppies. However, the differences observed in eye area between the sexes, together with the observed positive relationship between body size and visual acuity, highlight the need to incorporate perceptive differences in the study of animal behavior.

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Dataset Information

Longitudinal relationships among visual acuity, daily functional status, and mortality: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study.

Importance

Objective

Design, setting, and participants

Exposures

Main outcomes and measure

Results

Conclusions and relevance

Publications

Longitudinal relationships among visual acuity, daily functional status, and mortality: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study.

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