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High Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated From River Yamuna, India: A Serious Public Health Risk.

ABSTRACT: Globally, urban water bodies have emerged as an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes because resistant bacteria residing here might easily disseminate these traits to other waterborne pathogens. In the present study, we have investigated the AMR phenotypes, prevalent plasmid-mediated AMR genes, and integrons in commensal strains of Escherichia coli, the predominant fecal indicator bacteria isolated from a major urban river of northern India Yamuna. The genetic environment of bla _CTX-M-15 was also investigated. Our results indicated that 57.5% of the E. coli strains were resistant to at least two antibiotic classes and 20% strains were multidrug resistant, i.e., resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. The multiple antibiotic resistance index of about one-third of the E. coli strains was quite high (>0.2), reflecting high contamination of river Yamuna with antibiotics. With regard to plasmid-mediated AMR genes, bla _TEM-1 was present in 95% of the strains, followed by qnrS1 and armA (17% each), bla _CTX-M-15 (15%), strA-strB (12%), and tetA (7%). Contrary to the earlier reports where bla _CTX-M-15 was mostly associated with pathogenic phylogroup B2, our study revealed that the CTX-M-15 type extended-spectrum ?-lactamases (ESBLs) were present in the commensal phylogroups A and B1, also. The genetic organization of bla _CTX-M-15 was similar to that reported for E. coli, isolated from other parts of the world; and ISEcp1 was present upstream of bla _CTX-M-15. The integrons of classes 2 and 3 were absent, but class 1 integron gene intI1 was present in 75% of the isolates, denoting its high prevalence in E. coli of river Yamuna. These evidences indicate that due to high prevalence of plasmid-mediated AMR genes and intI1, commensal E. coli can become vehicles for widespread dissemination of AMR in the environment. Thus, regular surveillance and management of urban rivers is necessary to curtail the spread of AMR and associated health risks.

SUBMITTER: Singh NS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7899961 | biostudies-literature | 2021

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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High Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Class 1 Integrons in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Isolated From River Yamuna, India: A Serious Public Health Risk.

Singh Nambram Somendro NS Singhal Neelja N Kumar Manish M Virdi Jugsharan Singh JS

Frontiers in microbiology 20210209

Globally, urban water bodies have emerged as an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes because resistant bacteria residing here might easily disseminate these traits to other waterborne pathogens. In the present study, we have investigated the AMR phenotypes, prevalent plasmid-mediated AMR genes, and integrons in commensal strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, the predominant fecal indicator bacteria isolated from a major urban river of northern India Yamuna. The genetic e ...[more]

PMID: 33633708

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Project description:BackgroundIn this study a large random collection (n=2188) of facultative oligotrophic bacteria, from 90 water samples gathered in three consecutive years (2007-2009) from three different sampling sites of River Mahananda in Siliguri, West Bengal, India, were investigated for the presence of class 1 integrons and sequences of the amplification products.Methodology/principal findingsReplica plating method was employed for determining the antibiotic resistance profile of the randomly assorted facultative oligotrophic isolates. Genomic DNA from each isolate was analyzed by PCR for the presence of class 1 integron. Amplicons were cloned and sequenced. Numerical taxonomy and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses were done to ascertain putative genera of the class 1 integron bearing isolates. Out of 2188 isolates, 1667 (76.19%) were antibiotic-resistant comprising of both single-antibiotic resistance (SAR) and multiple-antibiotic resistant (MAR), and 521 (23.81%) were sensitive to all twelve different antibiotics used in this study. Ninety out of 2188 isolates produced amplicon(s) of varying sizes from 0.15 to 3.45 KB. Chi-square (χ(2)) test revealed that the possession of class 1 integron in sensitive, SAR and MAR is not equally probable at the 1% level of significance. Diverse antibiotic-resistance gene cassettes, aadA1, aadA2, aadA4, aadA5, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA16, dfrA17, dfrA28, dfrA30, dfr-IIe, blaIMP-9, aacA4, Ac-6'-Ib, oxa1, oxa10 and arr2 were detected in 64 isolates. The novel cassettes encoding proteins unrelated to any known antibiotic resistance gene function were identified in 26 isolates. Antibiotic-sensitive isolates have a greater propensity to carry gene cassettes unrelated to known antibiotic-resistance genes. The integron-positive isolates under the class Betaproteobacteria comprised of only two genera, Comamonas and Acidovorax of family Comamonadaceae, while isolates under class Gammaproteobacteria fell under the families, Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Aeromonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.ConclusionsOligotrophic bacteria are good sources of novel genes as well as potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance gene casettes.

Dataset Information

High Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated From River Yamuna, India: A Serious Public Health Risk.

Publications

High Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Class 1 Integrons in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Isolated From River Yamuna, India: A Serious Public Health Risk.

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