Dataset Information

Inflammation and salt in young adults: the African-PREDICT study.

ABSTRACT:

Purpose

Low-grade inflammation and a diet high in salt are both established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High potassium (K⁺) intake was found to counter increase in blood pressure due to high salt intake and may potentially also have protective anti-inflammatory effects. To better understand these interactions under normal physiological conditions, we investigated the relationships between 22 inflammatory mediators with 24-h urinary K⁺ in young healthy adults stratified by low, medium and high salt intake (salt tertiles). We stratified by ethnicity due to potential salt sensitivity in black populations.

Methods

In 991 healthy black (N?=?457) and white (N?=?534) adults, aged 20-30 years, with complete data for 24-h urinary sodium and K⁺, we analysed blood samples for 22 inflammatory mediators.

Results

We found no differences in inflammatory mediators between low-, mid- and high-sodium tertiles in either the black or white groups. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses in white adults, we found only in the lowest salt tertile that K⁺ associated negatively with pro-inflammatory mediators, namely interferon gamma, interleukin (IL) -7, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-23 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (all p???0.046). In the black population, we found no independent associations between K⁺ and any inflammatory mediator.

Conclusion

In healthy white adults, 24-h urinary K⁺ associated independently and negatively with specific pro-inflammatory mediators, but only in those with a daily salt intake less than 6.31 g, suggesting K⁺ to play a protective, anti-inflammatory role in a low-sodium environment. No similar associations were found in young healthy black adults.

SUBMITTER: Crouch SH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7900065 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Inflammation and salt in young adults: the African-PREDICT study.

Crouch Simone H SH Botha-Le Roux Shani S Delles Christian C Graham Lesley A LA Schutte Aletta E AE

European journal of nutrition 20200603 2

<h4>Purpose</h4>Low-grade inflammation and a diet high in salt are both established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) intake was found to counter increase in blood pressure due to high salt intake and may potentially also have protective anti-inflammatory effects. To better understand these interactions under normal physiological conditions, we investigated the relationships between 22 inflammatory mediators with 24-h urinary K<sup>+</sup> in young healthy a ...[more]

PMID: 32494865

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Project description:The body's water and sodium balances are tightly regulated and monitored by the brain. Few studies have explored the relationship between water and salt intake, and whether sodium intake with different levels of fluid intake leads to changes in hydration status remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the patterns of water intake and hydration status among young adults with different levels of daily salt intakes. Participants' total drinking fluids and water from food were determined by a 7-day 24-h fluid intake questionnaire for 7 days (from Day 1 to Day 7) and duplicate portion method (Day 5, Day 6 and Day 7). Urine of 24 h for 3 days (Day 5, Day 6 and Day 7) was collected and tested for the osmolality, the urine-specific gravity (USG), the concentrations of electrolytes, pH, creatinine, uric acid and the urea. The fasting blood samples for 1 day (Day 6) were collected and measured for the osmolality and the concentrations of electrolytes. The salt intakes of the participants were evaluated from the concentrations of Na of 24 h urine of 3 days (Day 5, Day 6 and Day 7). Participants were divided into four groups according to the quartile of salt intake, including the low salt intake (LS1), LS2, high salt intake (HS1) and HS2 groups. In total, 156 participants (including 80 male and 76 female young adults) completed the study. The salt intakes were 7.6, 10.9, 14.7 and 22.4 g among participants in the four groups (LS1, LS2, HS1 and HS2 groups, respectively), which differed significantly in all groups (F = 252.020; all p < 0.05). Compared to the LS1 and LS2 groups, the HS2 group had 310-381, 250-358 and 382-655 mL more amounts of water from the total water intake (TWI), total drinking fluids and water from food (all p < 0.05), respectively. Participants in the HS2 group had 384-403, 129-228 and 81-114 mL more in the water, water from dishes and staple foods, respectively, than those in the groups of LS1 and LS2 (p < 0.05). The HS2 group excreted 386-793 mL more urine than those in the groups of LS1 and LS2 (p < 0.05). However, regarding urine osmolality, the percentage of participants with optimal hydration status decreased from 41.0% in LS1 and LS2 to 25.6% in the HS2 group (p < 0.05). Participants with higher salt intake had higher TWI, total drinking fluids and water from food. Nevertheless, they had inferior hydration status. A reduction in salt intake should be encouraged among young adults to maintain optimal hydration status.

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Dataset Information

Inflammation and salt in young adults: the African-PREDICT study.

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Publications

Inflammation and salt in young adults: the African-PREDICT study.

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