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Study on the variation of air pollutant concentration and its formation mechanism during the COVID-19 period in Wuhan.

ABSTRACT: To prevent the spread of COVID-19 (2019 novel coronavirus), from January 23 to April 8 in 2020, the highest Class 1 Response was ordered in Wuhan, requiring all residents to stay at home unless absolutely necessary. This action was implemented to cut down all unnecessary human activities, including industry, agriculture and transportation. Reducing these activities to a very low level during these hard times meant that some unprecedented naturally occurring measures of controlling emissions were executed. Ironically, however, after these measures were implemented, ozone levels increased by 43.9%. Also worthy of note, PM_2.5 decreased 31.7%, which was found by comparing the observation data in Wuhan during the epidemic from 8th Feb. to 8th Apr. in 2020 with the same periods in 2019. Utilizing CMAQ (The Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system), this article investigated the reason for these phenomena based on four sets of numerical simulations with different schemes of emission reduction. Comparing the four sets of simulations with observation, it was deduced that the emissions should decrease to approximately 20% from the typical industrial output, and 10% from agriculture and transportation sources, attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan. More importantly, through the CMAQ process analysis, this study quantitatively analyzed differences of the physical and chemical processes that were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. It then examined the differences of the COVID-19 lockdown impact and determined the physical and chemical processes between when the pollution increased and decreased, determining the most affected period of the day. As a result, this paper found that (1) PM_2.5 decreased mainly due to the reduction of emission and the contrary contribution of aerosol processes. The North-East wind was also in favor of the decreasing of PM_2.5. (2) O₃ increased mainly due to the slowing down of chemical consumption processes, which made the concentration change of O₃ pollution higher at about 4 p.m.-7 p.m. of the day, while increasing the concentration of O₃ at night during the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan. The higher O₃ concentration in the North-East of the main urban area also contributed to the increasing of O₃ with unfavorable wind direction.

SUBMITTER: Huang C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7900775 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Study on the variation of air pollutant concentration and its formation mechanism during the COVID-19 period in Wuhan.

Huang Congwu C Wang Tijian T Niu Tao T Li Mengmeng M Liu Hongli H Ma Chaoqun C

Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994) 20210223

To prevent the spread of COVID-19 (2019 novel coronavirus), from January 23 to April 8 in 2020, the highest Class 1 Response was ordered in Wuhan, requiring all residents to stay at home unless absolutely necessary. This action was implemented to cut down all unnecessary human activities, including industry, agriculture and transportation. Reducing these activities to a very low level during these hard times meant that some unprecedented naturally occurring measures of controlling emissions were ...[more]

PMID: 33642917

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Project description:To curb the spread of the coronavirus, China implemented lockdown policies on January 23, 2020. The resulting extreme changes in human behavior may have influenced the air pollutants concentration. However, despite these changes, hazy weather persisted in Shanghai and became a public issue. This study aims to investigate air pollutant mass concentration changes during the lockdown in Shanghai. Air pollutant mass concentration data and meteorological data during the pre-lockdown period and the level I response lockdown period were analyzed by statistical analysis and a Lagrangian particle diffusion model. The data was classified in three periods: P1 (pre-lockdown: 10 days before the Spring Festival), P2 (the first 10 days after lockdown: during the Spring Festival celebration), and P3 (the second 10 days after lockdown: after the Spring Festival). Data for the same period in 2019 were used as a reference. The results indicate that the Spring Festival holiday in 2019 resulted in a reduction in energy consumption, which led to a decrease in PM2.5 (26.4%) and NO2 (43.41%) mass concentration, but an increase in ozone mass concentration (31.39%) in P2 compared with P1. The integrated effect of the Spring Festival holiday and lockdown in 2020 resulted in a decrease in PM2.5 (36.5%) and NO2 (51.9%) mass concentrations, but an increase in ozone mass concentration (43.8%) in P2 compared with P1. After the Spring Festival, the mass concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 increased by 74.41%, 5.52%, and 53.28%, respectively in P3 compared with P2 in 2019. However, PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations in 2020 continued to decrease, by 14.74% and 4.61%, respectively, while NO2 mass concentration increased by 7.82% in P3 compared with P2. We also found that PM2.5 mass concentration is susceptible to regional transmission from the surrounding cities. PM2.5 and other gaseous pollutants show different correlations in different periods, while NO2 and O3 always show a strong negative correlation. The principal components before the Spring Festival in 2019 were O3 and NO2, and after the Spring Festival, they were PM2.5 and CO, while the principal components before the lockdown in 2020 were PM2.5 and CO, and during lockdown they were O3 and NO2.

Project description:The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has induced unprecedented improvements of air quality due to drastic shrinking of human activities during the pandemic lockdown in 2020. While declines of most air pollutants have been globally evidenced in most cities worldwide, there is few detailed spatial knowledge at local scale. Therefore, we present here a high resolution mapping of the 2018-2020 evolution of human activities and air pollutants in Wuhan. Human activities were assessed by nighttime light radiance. We measured the air quality index (AQI) as the maximum value among air quality sub-indices of SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and particulate matter. We also compared mean monthly pollutant concentration during January-April in 2018, 2019 and 2020. Mapping results show that variations of nighttime light radiance were heterogenous at local scale, showing both rises and declines in the same district. The radiance decreased in eight districts located mostly in the city center, as a result of lower human activity, but the radiance increased in the five surrounding districts, as a consequence of people staying at home. AQI was low during lockdown, averaging at 57, but showed strong daily variations with a slight pollution around February 5 with AQI rising to 126. During this pollution event, particulate matter, SO2, NO2 and CO levels were positively correlated, suggesting common sources, but were not correlated with ozone; and particulate matter, SO2, NO2 and CO decreased with relative humidity, suggesting removal by precipitation. Comparison of 2020 data with previous years shows that particulate matter and NO2 were highly reduced, CO was less reduced due to ongoing power industries, SO2 first declined then increased to exceed 2018-19 values due to coal combustion, and ozone levels was more abundant due both to less NOx pollution and the weekend effect.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-021-01222-x.

Project description:As a result of the lockdown (LD) control measures enacted to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, almost all non-essential human activities were halted beginning on January 23, 2020 when the total lockdown was implemented. In this study, changes in the concentrations of the six criteria air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) in Wuhan were investigated before (January 1 to 23, 2020), during (January 24 to April 5, 2020), and after the COVID-19 lockdown (April 6 to June 20, 2020) periods. Also, the relationships between the air pollutants and meteorological variables during the three periods were investigated. The results showed that there was significant improvement in air quality during the lockdown. Compared to the pre-lockdown period, the concentrations of NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and CO decreased by 50.6, 41.2, 33.1, and 16.6%, respectively, while O3 increased by 149% during the lockdown. After the lockdown, the concentrations of PM2.5, CO and SO2 declined by an additional 19.6, 15.6, and 2.1%, respectively. However, NO2, O3, and PM10 increased by 55.5, 25.3, and 5.9%, respectively, compared to the lockdown period. Except for CO and SO2, WS had negative correlations with the other pollutants during the three periods. RH was inversely related with all pollutants. Positive correlations were observed between temperature and the pollutants during the lockdown. Easterly winds were associated with peak PM2.5 concentrations prior to the lockdown. The highest PM2.5 concentrations were associated with southwesterly wind during the lockdown, and northwesterly winds coincided with the peak PM2.5 concentrations after the lockdown. Although, COVID-19 pandemic had numerous negative effects on human health and the global economy, the reductions in air pollution and significant improvement in ambient air quality likely had substantial short-term health benefits. This study improves the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to air pollution under diverse meteorological conditions and suggest effective ways of reducing air pollution in Wuhan.

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Study on the variation of air pollutant concentration and its formation mechanism during the COVID-19 period in Wuhan.

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Study on the variation of air pollutant concentration and its formation mechanism during the COVID-19 period in Wuhan.

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