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Kinetics and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment: A Review.

ABSTRACT: Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂), an alternative disinfectant to chlorine, has been widely applied in water and wastewater disinfection. This paper aims at presenting an overview of the inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of ClO₂ with viruses. The inactivation efficiencies vary greatly among different virus species. The inactivation rates for different serotypes within a family of viruses can differ by over 284%. Generally, to achieve a 4-log removal, the exposure doses, also being referred to as Ct values (mutiplying the concentration of ClO₂ and contact time) vary in the range of 0.06-10 mg L^-1 min. Inactivation kinetics of viruses show two phases: an initial rapid inactivation phase followed by a tailing phase. Inactivation rates of viruses increase as pH or temperature increases, but show different trends with increasing concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Both damages in viral proteins and in the 5' noncoding region within the genome contribute to virus inactivation upon ClO₂ disinfection.

SUBMITTER: Ge Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7904506 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Kinetics and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment: A Review.

Ge Yuexian Y Zhang Xinran X Shu Longfei L Yang Xin X

Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 20210225 4

Chlorine dioxide (ClO<sub>2</sub>), an alternative disinfectant to chlorine, has been widely applied in water and wastewater disinfection. This paper aims at presenting an overview of the inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of ClO<sub>2</sub> with viruses. The inactivation efficiencies vary greatly among different virus species. The inactivation rates for different serotypes within a family of viruses can differ by over 284%. Generally, to achieve a 4-log removal, the exposure doses, also being ...[more]

PMID: 33629148

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Project description:Treatments of wastewater and fresh produce commonly employ chlorine as an antimicrobial. However, there are increasing levels of concerns regarding the safety and antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine treatments. Numerous studies have reported the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treatment in a variety of applications but information regarding how ClO2 affects bacteria is limited. In the present study, a mixed-method approach utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used to observe Escherichia coli O157:H7 membrane damage after exposure to ClO2 (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/L) for 5, 10, or 15 min. For comparison, controls of 0.1% peptone, 70% isopropanol, and 10 mg/L NaOCl were applied for 15 min. After treatment, cells were enumerated on selective media overlaid with non-selective media and simultaneously analyzed for damage using the following fluorescent probes (1) Bis-(1,3-Dibutylbarbituric Acid) trimethine oxonol (DiBAC4(3)) for membrane polarization, (2) SYTO 9/propidium iodide (LIVE/DEAD) for membrane permeability, (3) 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)Amino)-2-Deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) for active glucose uptake, and (4) lipid peroxidation through accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Bacterial log reductions after ClO2 treatment ranged from 0.2 to 5.5 and changes in relative fluorescence units after membrane permeability and glucose uptake assays were not consistent with viability, indicating membrane permeability and metabolism were not substantially altered. Depolarization was observed after NaOCl treatment, however, the polarity of cells treated with ClO2 were like those treated with water (P < 0.05). Accumulation of MDA was detected only after 10 mg/L ClO2 treatments, indicating that membrane peroxidation occurred at higher concentrations. Transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that separation of the cell wall from the cytosol occurred after the 10 mg/L ClO2 treatment, but the cell wall itself appeared to be unbroken. These data suggest that ClO2 damage to E. coli O157:H7 is not primarily located at the cell wall and harms cells significantly different than NaOCl at comparable concentrations.

Dataset Information

Kinetics and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment: A Review.

Publications

Kinetics and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment: A Review.

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