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A small molecule inhibits cell elongation by modulating cell wall polysaccharide composition in Arabidopsis.

ABSTRACT: The plant primary cell wall is comprised of pectin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, whose dynamic interactions play essential roles in plant cell elongation. Through a chemical genetics screening, we identified a small molecule, named cell wall modulator (CWM), which disrupted cell growth and deformed cell shape in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyl. A pectin defective mutant qua2, identified from screening an Arabidopsis EMS mutant library, showed a reduced sensitivity to CWM treatment. On the other hand, pectinase treatment suppressed the CWM induced phenotype. Furthermore, cellulose content was decreased in response to CWM treatment, while the cellulose synthesis mutants ixr1 and ixr2 were hypersensitive to CWM. Together, the study identified a small molecule CWM that induced a modification of the cell wall in elongating cells, likely through interfering with pectin modification. This molecule may be used as a tool to study cell wall remodeling during plant growth.

SUBMITTER: Li W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7906885 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A small molecule inhibits cell elongation by modulating cell wall polysaccharide composition in Arabidopsis.

Li Wenbo W Zhang Qian Q Cao Shumin S Luo Laifu L Li Lingting L Gu Lili L Zhao Yang Y Li Laigeng L

Cell surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 20210202

The plant primary cell wall is comprised of pectin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, whose dynamic interactions play essential roles in plant cell elongation. Through a chemical genetics screening, we identified a small molecule, named cell wall modulator (CWM), which disrupted cell growth and deformed cell shape in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyl. A pectin defective mutant qua2, identified from screening an Arabidopsis EMS mutant library, showed a reduced sensitivity to CWM tr ...[more]

PMID: 33665521

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Project description:BackgroundCotton fiber is a single cell that arises from the epidermis of ovule. It is not only a main economic product of cotton, but an ideal material for studying on the growth and development of plant cell. Our previous study indicated that phytosterol content and the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol fluctuated regularly in cotton fiber development. However, what effects of modified phytosterol content and composition on the growth and development of cotton fiber cell is unknown. In this study, we overexpressed the GhSMT2-1, a cotton homologue of sterol C-24 methyltransferase 2 gene in transgenic upland cotton plants to modify phytosterol content and composition in fiber cells and investigated the changes on fiber elongation and secondary cell wall deposition.ResultsGhSMT2-1 overexpression led to changes of phytosterol content and the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol in fiber cell. At the rapid elongation stage of fiber cell, total phytosterol and sitosterol contents were increased while campesterol content was decreased in transgenic fibers when compared to control fibers. Accordingly, the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol declined strikingly. Simultaneously, the transgenic fibers were shorter and thicker than control fibers. Exogenous application of sitosterol or campesterol separately inhibited control fiber cell elongation in cotton ovule culture system in vitro. In addition, campesterol treatment partially rescued transgenic fiber elongation.ConclusionThese results elucidated that modification of phytosterol content and composition influenced fiber cell elongation and secondary cell wall formation. High sitosterol or low ratio of campesterol to sitosterol suppresses fiber elongation and/or promote secondary cell wall deposition. The roles of sitosterol and campesterol were discussed in fiber cell development. There might be a specific ratio of campesterol to sitosterol in different developmental stage of cotton fibers, in which GhSMT2-1 play an important role. Our study, at a certain degree, provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fiber cell development.

Project description:Second-generation biofuels are generally produced from the polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic plant biomass, mainly cellulose. However, because cellulose is embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and lignin, its hydrolysis into the fermentable glucose is hampered. The senesced inflorescence stems of a set of 20 Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in 10 different genes of the lignin biosynthetic pathway were analyzed for cell wall composition and saccharification yield. Saccharification models were built to elucidate which cell wall parameters played a role in cell wall recalcitrance.Although lignin is a key polymer providing the strength necessary for the plant's ability to grow upward, a reduction in lignin content down to 64% of the wild-type level in Arabidopsis was tolerated without any obvious growth penalty. In contrast to common perception, we found that a reduction in lignin was not compensated for by an increase in cellulose, but rather by an increase in matrix polysaccharides. In most lignin mutants, the saccharification yield was improved by up to 88% cellulose conversion for the cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductase1 mutants under pretreatment conditions, whereas the wild-type cellulose conversion only reached 18%. The saccharification models and Pearson correlation matrix revealed that the lignin content was the main factor determining the saccharification yield. However, also lignin composition, matrix polysaccharide content and composition, and, especially, the xylose, galactose, and arabinose contents influenced the saccharification yield. Strikingly, cellulose content did not significantly affect saccharification yield.Although the lignin content had the main effect on saccharification, also other cell wall factors could be engineered to potentially increase the cell wall processability, such as the galactose content. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the effect of lignin perturbations on plant cell wall composition and its influence on saccharification yield, and provide new potential targets for genetic improvement.

Dataset Information

A small molecule inhibits cell elongation by modulating cell wall polysaccharide composition in Arabidopsis.

Publications

A small molecule inhibits cell elongation by modulating cell wall polysaccharide composition in <i>Arabidopsis</i>.

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