Circadian hepatocyte clocks keep synchrony in the absence of a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus or other extrahepatic clocks.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sinturel F
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7919413 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus coordinates daily rhythms including sleep-wake, hormone release, and gene expression. The cells of the SCN must synchronize to each other to drive these circadian rhythms in the rest of the body. The ontogeny of circadian cycling and intercellular coupling in the SCN remains poorly understood. Recent in vitro studies have recorded circadian rhythms from the whole embryonic SCN. Here, we tracked the onset and precision of rhythms in PERIOD2 (PER2), a clock protein, within the SCN isolated from embryonic and postnatal mice of undetermined sex. We found that a few SCN cells developed circadian periodicity in PER2 by 14.5 d after mating (E14.5) with no evidence for daily cycling on E13.5. On E15.5, the fraction of competent oscillators increased dramatically corresponding with stabilization of their circadian periods. The cells of the SCN harvested at E15.5 expressed sustained, synchronous daily rhythms. By postnatal day 2 (P2), SCN oscillators displayed the daily, dorsal-ventral phase wave in clock gene expression typical of the adult SCN. Strikingly, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuropeptide critical for synchrony in the adult SCN, and its receptor, VPAC2R, reached detectable levels after birth and after the onset of circadian synchrony. Antagonists of GABA or VIP signaling or action potentials did not disrupt circadian synchrony in the E15.5 SCN. We conclude that endogenous daily rhythms in the fetal SCN begin with few noisy oscillators on E14.5, followed by widespread oscillations that rapidly synchronize on E15.5 by an unknown mechanism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We recorded the onset of PER2 circadian oscillations during embryonic development in the mouse SCN. When isolated at E13.5, the anlagen of the SCN expresses high, arrhythmic PER2. In contrast, a few cells show noisy circadian rhythms in the isolated E14.5 SCN and most show reliable, self-sustained, synchronized rhythms in the E15.5 SCN. Strikingly, this synchrony at E15.5 appears before expression of VIP or its receptor and persists in the presence of blockers of VIP, GABA or neuronal firing. Finally, the dorsal-ventral phase wave of PER2 typical of the adult SCN appears ?P2, indicating that multiple signals may mediate circadian synchrony during the ontogeny of the SCN.
| S-EPMC5815340 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Key pointsLight-responsive neurones in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus discharge with a harmonic distribution of interspike intervals, whereas unresponsive neurones seldom do. This harmonic patterning has a fundamental frequency of close to 30 Hz, and is the same in light-on cells as in light-off cells, and is unaffected by exposure to light. Light-on cells are more active than light-off cells in both subjective day and subjective night, and both light-on cells and light-off cells respond more strongly to changes in light intensity during the subjective night than during the subjective day. Paired recordings indicate that the discharge of adjacent light-responsive cells is very tightly synchronized. The gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone increases the spontaneous activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones but does not block the harmonic discharge patterning.AbstractThe suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus has an essential role in orchestrating circadian rhythms of behaviour and physiology. In the present study, we recorded from single SCN neurons in urethane-anaesthetized rats, categorized them by the statistical features of their electrical activity and by their responses to light, and examined how activity in the light phase differs from activity in the dark phase. We classified cells as light-on cells or light-off cells according to how their firing rate changed in acute response to light, or as non-responsive cells. In both sets of light-responsive neurons, responses to light were stronger at subjective night than in subjective day. Neuronal firing patterns were analysed by constructing hazard functions from interspike interval data. For most light-responsive cells, the hazard functions showed a multimodal distribution, with a harmonic sequence of modes, indicating that spike activity was driven by an oscillatory input with a fundamental frequency of close to 30 Hz; this harmonic pattern was rarely seen in non-responsive SCN cells. The frequency of the rhythm was the same in light-on cells as in light-off cells, was the same in subjective day as at subjective night, and was unaffected by exposure to light. Paired recordings indicated that the discharge of adjacent light-responsive neurons was very tightly synchronized, consistent with electrical coupling.
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Project description:Virtually every neuron within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) communicates via GABAergic signaling. The extracellular levels of GABA within the SCN are determined by a complex interaction of synthesis and transport, as well as synaptic and non-synaptic release. The response to GABA is mediated by GABAA receptors that respond to both phasic and tonic GABA release and that can produce excitatory as well as inhibitory cellular responses. GABA also influences circadian control through the exclusively inhibitory effects of GABAB receptors. Both GABA and neuropeptide signaling occur within the SCN, although the functional consequences of the interactions of these signals are not well understood. This review considers the role of GABA in the circadian pacemaker, in the mechanisms responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms, in the ability of non-photic stimuli to reset the phase of the pacemaker, and in the ability of the day-night cycle to entrain the pacemaker.
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Project description:The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central circadian pacemaker in mammals, is a network structure composed of multiple types of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons and glial cells. However, the roles of GABA-mediated signaling in the SCN network remain controversial. Here, we report noticeable impairment of the circadian rhythm in mice with a specific deletion of the vesicular GABA transporter in arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing neurons. These mice showed disturbed diurnal rhythms of GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in SCN neurons and marked lengthening of the activity time in circadian behavioral rhythms due to the extended interval between morning and evening locomotor activities. Synchrony of molecular circadian oscillations among SCN neurons did not significantly change, whereas the phase relationships between SCN molecular clocks and circadian morning/evening locomotor activities were altered significantly, as revealed by PER2::LUC imaging of SCN explants and in vivo recording of intracellular Ca2+ in SCN AVP neurons. In contrast, daily neuronal activity in SCN neurons in vivo clearly showed a bimodal pattern that correlated with dissociated morning/evening locomotor activities. Therefore, GABAergic transmission from AVP neurons regulates the timing of SCN neuronal firing to temporally restrict circadian behavior to appropriate time windows in SCN molecular clocks.
| S-EPMC8017960 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In mammals, the principal circadian oscillator exists in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In the SCN, CLOCK works as an essential component of molecular circadian oscillation, and Clock?19 mutant mice show unique characteristics of circadian rhythms such as extended free running periods, amplitude attenuation, and high-magnitude phase-resetting responses. Here we investigated what modifications occur in the spatiotemporal organization of clock gene expression in the SCN of Clock?19 mutants. The cultured SCN, sampled from neonatal homozygous Clock?19 mice on an ICR strain comprising PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE, demonstrated that the Clock gene mutation not only extends the circadian period, but also affects the spatial phase and period distribution of circadian oscillations in the SCN. In addition, disruption of the synchronization among neurons markedly attenuated the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of individual oscillating neurons in the mutant SCN. Further, with numerical simulations based on the present studies, the findings suggested that, in the SCN of the Clock?19 mutant mice, stable oscillation was preserved by the interaction among oscillating neurons, and that the orderly phase and period distribution that makes a phase wave are dependent on the functionality of CLOCK.
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Project description:The dynamics of circadian rhythms needs to be adapted to day length changes between summer and winter. It has been observed experimentally, however, that the dynamics of individual neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) does not change as the seasons change. Rather, the seasonal adaptation of the circadian clock is hypothesized to be a consequence of changes in the intercellular dynamics, which leads to a phase distribution of electrical activity of SCN neurons that is narrower in winter and broader during summer. Yet to understand this complex intercellular dynamics, a more thorough understanding of the impact of the network structure formed by the SCN neurons is needed. To that effect, we propose a mathematical model for the dynamics of the SCN neuronal architecture in which the structure of the network plays a pivotal role. Using our model we show that the fraction of long-range cell-to-cell connections and the seasonal changes in the daily rhythms may be tightly related. In particular, simulations of the proposed mathematical model indicate that the fraction of long-range connections between the cells adjusts the phase distribution and consequently the length of the behavioral activity as follows: dense long-range connections during winter lead to a narrow activity phase, while rare long-range connections during summer lead to a broad activity phase. Our model is also able to account for the experimental observations indicating a larger light-induced phase-shift of the circadian clock during winter, which we show to be a consequence of higher synchronization between neurons. Our model thus provides evidence that the variations in the seasonal dynamics of circadian clocks can in part also be understood and regulated by the plasticity of the SCN network structure.
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Project description:Synchronous oscillations of thousands of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian centre, are coordinated by precisely timed cell-cell communication, the principle of which is largely unknown. Here we show that the amount of RGS16 (regulator of G protein signalling 16), a protein known to inactivate G?i, increases at a selective circadian time to allow time-dependent activation of intracellular cyclic AMP signalling in the SCN. Gene ablation of Rgs16 leads to the loss of circadian production of cAMP and as a result lengthens circadian period of behavioural rhythm. The temporally precise regulation of the cAMP signal by clock-controlled RGS16 is needed for the dorsomedial SCN to maintain a normal phase-relationship to the ventrolateral SCN. Thus, RGS16-dependent temporal regulation of intracellular G protein signalling coordinates the intercellular synchrony of SCN pacemaker neurons and thereby defines the 24 h rhythm in behaviour.
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Project description:The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) acts as a master pacemaker driving circadian behavior and physiology. Although the SCN is small, it is composed of many cell types, making it difficult to study the roles of particular cells. Here we develop bioluminescent circadian reporter mice that are Cre dependent, allowing the circadian properties of genetically defined populations of cells to be studied in real time. Using a Color-Switch PER2::LUCIFERASE reporter that switches from red PER2::LUCIFERASE to green PER2::LUCIFERASE upon Cre recombination, we assess circadian rhythms in two of the major classes of peptidergic neurons in the SCN: AVP (arginine vasopressin) and VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). Surprisingly, we find that circadian function in AVP neurons, not VIP neurons, is essential for autonomous network synchrony of the SCN and stability of circadian rhythmicity.
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Project description:In mammals, the master circadian clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN is characterized by robust circadian oscillations of clock gene expression and neuronal firing. The synchronization of circadian oscillations among individual cells in the SCN is attributed to intercellular coupling. Previous studies have shown that gap junctions, specifically those composed of connexin-36 (Cx36) subunits, are required for coupling of electrical firing among SCN neurons at a time scale of milliseconds. However, it remains unknown whether Cx36 gap junctions also contribute to coupling of circadian (?24h) rhythms of clock gene expression. Here, we investigated circadian expression patterns of the clock gene Period 2 (Per2) in the SCN of Cx36-deficient mice using luminometry and single-cell bioluminescence imaging. Surprisingly, we found that synchronization of circadian PER2 expression rhythms is maintained in SCN explants from Cx36-deficient mice. Since Cx36 expression levels change with age, we also tested circadian running-wheel behavior of juvenile (3-4weeks old) and adult (9-30weeks old) Cx36-deficient mice. We found that impact of connexin-36 expression on circadian behavior changes greatly during postnatal development. However, consistent with the intact synchrony among SCN cells in cultured explants, Cx36-deficient mice had intact locomotor circadian rhythms, although adults displayed a lengthened period in constant darkness. Our data indicate that even though Cx36 may be required for electrical coupling of SCN cells, it does not affect coupling of molecular clock gene rhythms. Thus, electrical coupling of neurons and coupling of circadian clock gene oscillations can be regulated independently in the SCN.
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Project description:Daily torpor is used by small mammals to reduce daily energy expenditure in response to energetic challenges. Optimizing the timing of daily torpor allows mammals to maximize its energetic benefits and, accordingly, torpor typically occurs in the late night and early morning in most species. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying such temporal regulation have not been elucidated. Direct control by the circadian clock and indirect control through the timing of food intake have both been suggested as possible mechanisms. Here, feeding cycles outside of the circadian range and brain-specific mutations of circadian clock genes (Vgat-Cre+ CK1δfl/fl εfl/+ ; Vgat-Cre+ Bmal1fl/fl ) were used to separate the roles of the circadian clock and food timing in controlling the timing of daily torpor in mice. These experiments revealed that the timing of daily torpor is transiently inhibited by feeding, while the circadian clock is the major determinant of the timing of torpor. Torpor never occurred during the early part of the circadian active phase, but was preferentially initiated late in the subjective night. Food intake disrupted torpor in the first 4-6 h after feeding by preventing or interrupting torpor bouts. Following interruption, re-initiation of torpor was unlikely until after the next circadian active phase. Overall, these results demonstrate that feeding transiently inhibits torpor while the central circadian clock gates the timing of daily torpor in response to energetic challenges by restricting the initiation of torpor to a specific circadian phase.
| S-EPMC6104820 | biostudies-other