Dataset Information

Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population.

ABSTRACT: In this study, we measured the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates in the settled dust (floor and air conditioner filter dust) and in suspended particulate matter (PM10) from different microenvironments (households (n = 20), offices (n = 10) and hotels (n = 10)) of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the major pollutant (contributing >85% of total chemicals burden) in all types of indoor dust with a concentration up to 3,901,500 ng g^-1. While dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DEHP together contributed >70% in PM10 (1900 ng m^-3), which indicate PM10 as a significant source of exposure for DBP and DEHP in different Saudi indoor settings. Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the major OPE in PM10 with a concentration of up to 185 ng m^-3 and the occurrence of OPEs in indoor dust varied in studied indoor settings. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of studied chemicals via dust ingestion and inhalation of PM10 was below the reference dose (RfD) of individual chemicals. However, estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) with moderate risk (1.5 × 10^-5) for Saudi adults and calculated hazardous index (HI) of >1 for Saudi children from DEHP showed a cause of concern to the local public health.

SUBMITTER: Ali N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7926922 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population.

Ali Nadeem N Alhakamy Nabil A NA Ismail Iqbal M I IMI Nazar Ehtisham E Summan Ahmed Saleh AS Shah Eqani Syed Ali Musstjab Akbar SAMA Malarvannan Govindan G

International journal of environmental research and public health 20210222 4

In this study, we measured the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates in the settled dust (floor and air conditioner filter dust) and in suspended particulate matter (PM10) from different microenvironments (households (n = 20), offices (n = 10) and hotels (n = 10)) of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the major pollutant (contributing >85% of total chemicals burden) in all types of indoor dust with a concentration up to 3,901,5 ...[more]

PMID: 33671626

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Project description:BackgroundOrganophosphate esters (OPEs) are flame retardants and plasticizers used in consumer products. OPEs are found ubiquitously throughout the environment with high concentrations in indoor house dust. Exposure to individual OPEs is associated with immune dysfunction, particularly in macrophages. However, OPEs exist as complex mixtures and the effects of environmentally relevant mixtures on the immune system have not been investigated.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxicity of an environmentally relevant mixture of OPEs that models Canadian house dust on macrophages using phenotypic and functional assessments in vitro.MethodsHigh-content live-cell fluorescent imaging for phenotypic biomarkers of toxicity in THP-1 macrophages treated with the OPE mixture was undertaken. We used confocal microscopy and cholesterol analysis to validate and expand on the observed OPE-induced lipid phenotype. Then, we used flow cytometry and live-cell imaging to conduct functional tests and uncover mechanisms of OPE-induced phagocytic suppression. Finally, we validated our THP-1 findings in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) derived macrophages.ResultsExposure to non-cytotoxic dilutions of the OPE mixture resulted in higher oxidative stress and disrupted lysosome and lipid homeostasis in THP-1 and primary macrophages. We further observed that phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in THP-1 and primary macrophages was lower in OPE-exposed cells vs. controls. In THP-1 macrophages, phagocytosis of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was also lower in OPE-exposed cells vs. controls. Additionally, the OPE mixture altered the expression of phagocytic receptors linked to the recognition of phosphatidylserine and pathogen-associated molecular patterns.DiscussionThe results of this in vitro study suggested that exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of OPEs resulted in higher lipid retention in macrophages and poor efferocytic response. These effects could translate to enhanced foam cell generation resulting in higher cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, bacterial phagocytosis was lower in OPE-exposed macrophages in an in vitro setting, which may indicate the potential for reduced bacterial clearance in models of infections. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that mixtures of OPEs can influence the biology of macrophages and offer new mechanistic insights into the impact of OPE mixtures on the immune system. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13869.

Dataset Information

Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population.

Publications

Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population.

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