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Associations between ethnic-racial identity and alcohol problems among diverse emerging adults.

ABSTRACT: Excessive alcohol use and problems during college is a major public health concern, and there are health disparities in patterns of drinking and alcohol-related illnesses based on ethnicity and race. Given the prevalence and disparities in excessive alcohol use and problems and associated negative impacts, it is important to examine potential protective factors such as dimensions of ethnic-racial identity (ERI). Thus, the current study examined how multiple dimensions of ERI were associated with alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms, and how these relations varied by individuals' ethnic-racial group among 1850 diverse emerging adults (M = 18.46, SD = .38). Findings indicated that there were significant differences by race/ethnicity. ERI affirmation was negatively associated with AUD symptoms for Asian individuals and African American individuals, while ERI exploration was positively associated with AUD symptoms among African American individuals. ERI resolution was negatively associated with alcohol use for Latinx individuals and positively associated with alcohol use for Multiracial individuals. Among White individuals, ERI exploration was negatively associated with alcohol use and ERI affirmation was negatively associated with AUD symptoms. Overall, the current study builds on our understanding of nuanced ways in which ethnic-racial identity impacts alcohol problems among emerging adults and highlights areas for future research.

SUBMITTER: Walker CJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7928211 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Racial discrimination, depressive symptoms, ethnic-racial identity, and alcohol use among Black American college students.

Project description:BackgroundRacial discrimination is prevalent among Black Americans, and may increase risk for alcohol use and related problems. Understanding the mediating and moderating factors in the pathways linking racial discrimination to alcohol use outcomes is important for prevention and intervention efforts. We tested depressive symptoms as a mediator and ethnic-racial identity as a moderator in the relation between racial discrimination and alcohol use outcomes among Black American young adults.MethodsWe used data from 2 independent samples of Black American young adults recruited from different regions in the United States. The first sample included 383 Black American young adults (Mage = 20.65, SD = 2.28; 81% female), and the second sample included 165 Black American young adults (Mage = 21.56, SD = 4.92; 75% female).ResultsRacial discrimination was associated with alcohol consumption and problems indirectly via depressive symptoms across the 2 independent samples. Moderation was evident for one sample such that high private regard levels buffered the association between racial discrimination and alcohol consumption, whereas high public regard levels exacerbated the association between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms.ConclusionsRacial discrimination experiences put Black American young adults at risk for alcohol use and related problems through increased depressive symptoms. Ethnic-racial identity may buffer or exacerbate these associations depending on the specific dimension. The findings imply the need to target depressive symptoms and alcohol use simultaneously to promote health and well-being among Black Americans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

| S-EPMC8385999 | biostudies-literature

Diverse associations between adiposity and blood pressure among 80,000 multi-ethnic Chinese adults.

Project description:BackgroundAdiposity is widely recognized as one of the risk factors for high blood pressure (BP) and increasing adiposity is associated with elevated BP. However, which measures of adiposity could be most strongly associated with BP in multi-ethnic population remains uncertain, giving rise to implications that population-based adiposity measures could be necessary.Methods80,000 multi-ethnic adults recruited from 5 provinces across Southwest China during 2018 ~ 2019 were studied. Multiple linear regression was applied to investigate the associations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) with: (1) two measures of general adiposity, body mass index (BMI) and height-adjusted weight; and (2) three measures of central adiposity, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist hip ratio (WHR).ResultsTwo distinct population-specific patterns were identified, as "BMI to SBP" and "WC to SBP". 90% of the participants fall into "BMI to SBP" pattern, in which the associations of SBP with BMI were independent of WC, and SBP-WC associations were considerably decreased by adjustment for BMI. And in this pattern, 10 kg/m2 greater BMI was associated with 11.9 mm Hg higher SBP on average. As for the rest population (Han males in Yunnan and Tibetans in Lhasa), they are suited for "WC to SBP" pattern, 10 cm wider WC was associated with 3.4 mm Hg higher SBP.ConclusionOur results indicated that when selecting proper predictors for BP, population-specific adiposity measures are needed, considering ethnicity, sex and residing regions. A better understanding of adiposity and BP may better contribute to the potential clinical practices and developing precision application strategies.

| S-EPMC9912499 | biostudies-literature

The Associations Between Internalized Racism, Racial Identity, and Psychological Distress.

Project description:Internalized racism, or the acceptance of negative stereotypes about one's own racial group, is associated with psychological distress; yet, few studies have explored the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults. Furthermore, racial identity's role as a protective factor in the context of internalized racism remains unclear. This study examined the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and the moderating role of racial identity beliefs among 171 African American emerging adults. Full cross-lagged panel models revealed no main effects of internalized racism beliefs on psychological distress. However, several racial identity beliefs moderated the relationship between internalized racism beliefs and changes in psychological distress over a year later. Initial levels of alteration of physical appearance, internalization of negative stereotypes, and hair change internalized racism beliefs were related to subsequent psychological distress, but only for those with certain levels of racial centrality, private regard, public regard, and assimilationist, humanist, and nationalist ideology beliefs. These findings suggest that, over time, internalized racism and racial identity beliefs can combine to influence the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults.

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Measuring alcohol use across the transition to adulthood: Racial/ethnic, sexual identity, and educational differences.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Patterns of alcohol use change from adolescence to adulthood and may differ based on race/ethnicity, sexual identity, and education. If alcohol use measures do not operate consistently across groups and developmental periods, parameter estimates and conclusions may be biased. OBJECTIVES:To test the measurement invariance of a multi-item alcohol use measure across groups defined by race/ethnicity, sexual identity, and college education during the transition to adulthood. METHODS:Using three waves from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we tested configural, metric, and scalar invariance of a 3-item alcohol use measure for groups defined by race/ethnicity, sexual identity, and college education at three points during the transition to adulthood. We then assessed longitudinal measurement invariance to test the feasibility of modeling developmental changes in alcohol use within groups defined by these characteristics. RESULTS:Overall, findings confirm notable variability in the construct reliability of a multi-item alcohol use measure during the transition to adulthood. The alcohol use measure failed tests of metric and scalar invariance, increasingly across ages, both between- and within-groups defined by race/ethnicity, sexual identity, and college education, particularly among females. CONCLUSIONS:Measurement testing is a critical step when utilizing multi-item measures of alcohol use. Studies that do not account for the effects of group or longitudinal measurement non-invariance may be statistically biased, such that recommendations for risk and prevention efforts could be misguided.

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Racial/ethnic variations in associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss.

Project description:To compare the associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss among White, Black, and Mexican-American people.Analyses were conducted on 16,821 adults, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-III. Age- and multivariate-adjusted negative binomial regressions were used to explore the relation of socioeconomic factors, region of residence, gender, and foreign birth with the number of missing teeth. Effect modification by race/ethnicity was assessed by the inclusion of interaction terms.In multivariate-adjusted analyses, non-Hispanic White people with 9-12 years of education exhibited 71% higher mean number of missing teeth than those with >12 years of education [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52-1.92]. Education was unrelated to the number of teeth among non-Hispanic Black people (IRR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00-1.35) or Mexican-Americans (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.93-1.31). The poorest White people exhibited 39% more missing teeth, on average, than the most affluent White people, but no association between poverty and number of teeth was observed among Black or Mexican-American people.The associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss vary across race/ethnicity. This suggests that the health benefits associated with high socioeconomic status are not equally shared across racial/ethnic groups.

| S-EPMC2758161 | biostudies-literature

Moderating the association between discrimination and adjustment: A meta-analysis of ethnic/racial identity.

Project description:The detrimental effects of discrimination are well documented; however, the influence of ethnic/racial identity (ERI) on this association is equivocal. There is theoretical and empirical support for both protective and detrimental effects of ERI. This meta-analysis includes 53 effect sizes from 51 studies and 18,545 participants spanning early adolescence to adulthood to synthesize the interaction of ERI and discrimination for adjustment outcomes. Consistent with existing meta-analyses, discrimination was associated with compromised adjustment; further, this effect was buffered by overall ERI particularly for academic and physical health outcomes. Different ERI dimensions and adjustment outcomes revealed important patterns. ERI exploration increased vulnerabilities associated with discrimination, particularly for negative mental health and risky health behaviors. The exacerbating influence of ERI exploration was strongest at age 24, and more recent publications reported weaker exacerbating effects. In contrast, ERI commitment conferred protection. A composite score of ERI exploration and commitment also conferred protection against discrimination. Sample demographics mattered. The buffering effect of ERI commitment was stronger for Latinx (compared with Asian heritage) individuals. The buffering effect of public regard was stronger for Asian heritage (compared with African heritage) individuals. For positive mental health outcomes, a composite score of ERI exploration and commitment had a stronger buffering effect for Latinx (compared with African heritage) individuals. For risky health behaviors, Latinx individuals reported a stronger buffering effect of ERI (compared with African heritage and Asian heritage) individuals. The current meta-analysis identifies gaps in the literature and offers suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

| S-EPMC6557142 | biostudies-literature

The Association between Sexual Orientation and Sleep Problems: Are there Racial and Ethnic Differences?

Project description:Using the 2013-2017 National Health Interview Survey, this study examined whether there were significant sexual orientation differences in sleep problems in specific racial and ethnic populations. The analysis had a large sample size and enough statistical power to evaluate any sexual orientation differences or non-differences in sleep problems in Latinx, non-Latinx Black, non-Latinx Asian and Pacific Islander, and non-Latinx White populations. Consistent with recent studies on sexual orientation and sleep problems, this analysis revealed that, for most racial and ethnic groups, there was no significant sexual orientation difference in non-normal sleep duration. Sexual minority adults were significantly more likely to report not feeling rested, trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and taking medications for sleep than heterosexual adults. There were two notable exceptions in the findings. The first exception was that Latinx sexual minority adults were significantly more likely to report non-normal sleep duration when compared with Latinx heterosexual adults. The second exception was that there was no significant sexual orientation difference in not feeling rested among Asian and Pacific Islander adults.

| S-EPMC7445841 | biostudies-literature

The sum of all parts: A multi-level exploration of racial and ethnic identity formation during emerging adulthood.

Project description:According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the multiracial population measured at 33.8 million, nearly a 300% increase from the 2010 U.S. Census. The significant increase is due in part to improvements in measures to categorize this population. However, there is a dearth of research on the factors and processes that affect multiracial identity formation. The researchers investigated the precipitating factors to the formation of multiracial identification. Participants were recruited through social media campaigns. Hour-long in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 participants via Zoom, following an interview guide consisting of 9 categories: racial and ethnic identification, childhood and upbringing, family influence, peer engagement, health and wellbeing, experiences of discrimination, forming resilience, language, and demographics. Coding of transcripts and thematic analyses revealed that individual, interpersonal and community level influences influenced identity development differently depending on the individual's positionality within the life course. This supported the use of both the life course framework as well as the social ecological framework when examining multiracial identity development.

| S-EPMC10081756 | biostudies-literature

Suicide Attempt Rates and Associations with Discrimination Are Greatest in Early Adulthood for Sexual Minority Adults Across Diverse Racial and Ethnic Groups.

Project description:Purpose: The study purpose was to investigate differences in past 5-year suicide attempts among racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority (SM) and heterosexual adults across the life course and examine the association of discrimination with past 5-year suicide attempts among SM adults. Methods: Using nationally representative data collected from 2012 to 2013, we assessed differences in age-varying prevalence of past 5-year suicide attempts among Black, Hispanic, and White SM and heterosexual adults (ages 18-60). We tested whether the association between discrimination and suicide attempts differed by race/ethnicity among SM adults. All secondary data analyses were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of The Pennsylvania State University and University of Maryland. Results: Compared with heterosexual adults of any race/ethnicity, SM adults exhibited elevated suicide attempt rates until the late twenties when prevalence for Black and Hispanic SM adults declined. Disparities persisted into the mid-40s for White SM adults. Among SM adults of all races/ethnicities, the relationship between SM discrimination and suicide attempts was strongest between ages 18 and 25. For SM adults reporting SM discrimination, odds of suicide attempts were 3.6 times higher for White SM adults and 4.5 times higher for Black and Hispanic SM adults, relative to same-race/ethnicity SM adults who did not report SM discrimination. The effect of SM discrimination was robust among Black and Hispanic SM young adults even when accounting for racial/ethnic discrimination. Conclusions: SM adults of all racial/ethnic groups demonstrated disparities when contrasted with heterosexual adults of any race/ethnicity, although ages characterized by heightened prevalence rates of suicide attempts differed by race/ethnicity. Early adulthood is a critical period for intervention seeking to disrupt the association between SM discrimination and suicide attempts.

| S-EPMC7757577 | biostudies-literature

Association Between Adverse Childhood Events and Multimorbidity in a Racial and Ethnic Diverse Sample of Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

Project description:Background and objectivesAdverse childhood events (ACEs) have been associated with increased health risks later in life. However, it is unclear whether ACEs may be associated with multimorbidity among diverse racial/ethnic middle-aged and older adults. We evaluated whether there were racial and ethnic differences in the association between ACEs and the number of somatic and psychiatric multimorbidity in a sample of U.S. middle-aged and older adults.Research design and methodsData from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 10,727; ≥55 years) were used to test whether the number of self-reported somatic conditions (i.e., heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, and chronic lung problems) as well as DSM-5 psychiatric disorders (i.e., depression) during the past 12 months differed by history of ACEs while stratifying by age (i.e., 55-64 or ≥65) and racial/ethnic group (i.e., non-Hispanic White [NHW; n = 7,457], non-Hispanic Black [NHB; n = 1,995], and Hispanic [n=1275]).ResultsThe prevalence of reporting more than two somatic conditions and psychiatric disorders was 48.8% and 11.4% for those with a history of ACEs, and 41.1% and 3.3% for those without a history of ACEs. Adjusting for sociodemographic and other health risk factors, ACEs was significantly associated with greater numbers of somatic multimorbidity among racial and ethnic middle-aged adults but this was not the case for older adults.Discussion and implicationsOur findings suggest that middle-aged adults with a history of ACEs are more likely to suffer from somatic and psychiatric multimorbidity, highlighting the importance of screening for ACEs in promoting healthy aging.

| S-EPMC6599428 | biostudies-literature

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