An Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Application of Tolin's Criteria for Empirically Supported Treatments.
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SUBMITTER: Boness CL
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7939024 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Insomnia disorder is one of the most common sleep disorders with an increasing incidence to cause substantial economic losses and social burden. The therapy for insomnia disorder mainly includes medication treatment and cognitive behavioral therapy. Medications are associated with various adverse effects and can be easily addictive. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been proposed as the first-line treatment for insomnia disorder. But due to the disadvantages of face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy including a high cost and the lack of standardization, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy has emerged as an alternative with an almost equivalent efficacy to face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy and better effects than medication. This review summarizes the basic principles of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and discusses the development, forms, effects as well as the advantages and disadvantages of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy.
| S-EPMC7040765 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction:Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a well-established nonpharmacological intervention that is the gold standard treatment for insomnia. CBT-I has been utilized and empirically validated in many modalities, including group treatment, telemedicine, and primary care. Despite the wealth of evidence on its effectiveness, many medical providers, including those in primary care, where most insomnia complaints are raised, have limited exposure, knowledge, and resources to direct or implement this intervention. Methods:Medical educators from an academic medical center developed a module focused on teaching medical residents the techniques of CBT-I. The educational activity was an interactive 90-minute seminar that included a lecture followed by a case presentation illustrating the application of medical knowledge. A postseminar survey was used to evaluate the topic and content of the seminar. Results:In a survey of 32 primary care and psychiatry residents and sleep medicine fellows, 97% of respondents indicated that the topic of CBT-I should be included in the seminar series, and 84% indicated that the topic was of interest to them. Qualitative feedback underscored the relevance of this topic to trainees' clinical practice, as well as its underratedness. Discussion:The seminar on CBT-I was well received and viewed as a valuable tool in practicing medicine. The slides and vignettes provided enable replication of this workshop in other settings with medical learners who have a cursory knowledge of sleep medicine. The workshop is applicable to other health professionals, including medical students, nurses, social workers, and psychology trainees.
| S-EPMC7010204 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Patient adherence has been identified as an important barrier to the implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments. OBJECTIVE:In cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) for insomnia, the current study examined (a) the validity of therapist ratings of patient agreement and adherence against an established behavioral measure of adherence, and (b) the relationship between treatment agreement, adherence, and outcome. METHOD:Participants were 188 adults meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for chronic insomnia who were randomized to receive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, or CBT for insomnia. Treatment agreement/adherence was measured by (a) weekly therapist ratings of patient agreement and homework completion, and (b) adherence to behavioral strategies (ABS) derived from patient-reported sleep diary. Outcome measures were Insomnia Severity Index and insomnia remission (Insomnia Severity Index <8). RESULTS:Therapist ratings of patient agreement as well as homework completion were significantly associated with sleep diary-derived global ABS. Therapist-rated patient agreement and homework completion as well as global ABS predicted greater insomnia symptoms reduction from pretreatment to posttreatment. Patient agreement also predicted insomnia symptoms reduction from pretreatment to 6-month follow-up. Patient agreement, adherence, and ABS measures during treatment significantly predicted insomnia remission at posttreatment, and all but therapist rating of homework completion predicted remission at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS:Greater patient agreement and adherence (therapist ratings and ABS) during treatment predicted better treatment outcome. Therapist-rated treatment agreement and adherence correspond well with patient-reported sleep diary-derived adherence measure. These simple, deployable therapist-rated patient agreement and adherence can potentially be useful for treatments for other disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
| S-EPMC5837913 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chronic insomnia (symptoms for ≥ 6 months) is the most common sleep disorder, affecting 6% to 10% of adults in the general population, with even higher rates in patients with comorbid conditions (eg, hypertension, 44%; cardiac disease, 44.1%; breathing problems, 41.5%). Traditionally, chronic insomnia occurring with another condition has been considered secondary and rarely received direct treatment because treatment of the primary condition was expected to improve the insomnia. However, this approach often failed because chronic insomnia is maintained by behaviors, cognitions, and associations that patients adopt as they attempt to cope with poor sleep but that end up backfiring (eg, increasing caffeine, spending more time in bed, trying harder to sleep). Cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia (CBTi) targets those behaviors, cognitions, and associations and is effective across a variety of populations, including those with medical and psychologic comorbidities. Thus, in 2005, a National Institutes of Health expert consensus panel on chronic insomnia recommended dropping the term "secondary insomnia" in favor of the term "comorbid insomnia." Because CBTi does not carry the risks associated with some sleep medications (eg, dependency, polypharmacy, cognitive and psychomotor impairment), it is an attractive option for patients with other conditions. Through the Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine (www.behavioralsleep.org) and the American Board of Sleep Medicine (www.absm.org), it is possible to find practitioners with expertise in CBTi (as well as other aspects of behavioral sleep medicine) and other behavioral sleep resources. Given the currently limited number of trained practitioners, exploration of alternative delivery methods (eg, briefer protocols, self-help, Internet) to improve access to this highly effective treatment and expanded training in these treatments are warranted.
| S-EPMC4694188 | biostudies-other
Project description:Study objectivesThe use of telemedicine with a mobile application (MA) and a wearable device (WD) for the management of sleep disorders has recently received considerable attention. We designed an MA synchronizable with a WD for insomnia treatment. Our pilot study determined the efficacy of simplified group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) delivered using our MA and assessed participant adherence to and satisfaction with the device.MethodsThe efficacy of the CBT-I using MA (CBT-I-MA) was assessed by comparing sleep variables (sleep efficiency [SE], Insomnia Severity Index [ISI], and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory [PSQI] scores) before and after a 4-week treatment protocol in 19 patients with insomnia disorder patients. SE was assessed using a sleep diary, actigraphy, and the PSQI.ResultsThe intervention significantly improved all three measures of SE (P < .05), and the response rate to treatment was high (94.7%). Total ISI and PSQI scores and sleep latency, as measured by the sleep diary, improved significantly. Participants showed relatively good adherence to our MA, and sleep diary entries were made on 24.3 ± 3.8 of 28 days. Moreover, 94.7% of the participants reported that our MA was effective for treating insomnia.ConclusionsOur pilot study suggested the clinical usefulness of a CBT-I-MA. We expect that our findings will lead to further development and replication studies of CBT-I-MA.
| S-EPMC5359343 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceDigital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (DCBT-I) requires adaptation to different sociocultural contexts. Moreover, studies comparing DCBT-I and sleep education in the same operating interface are lacking.ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of a smartphone-based Chinese culture-adapted DCBT-I application (app) for insomnia compared with sleep education using the same app.Design, setting, and participantsThis was a single-blinded, randomized clinical trial conducted from March 2021 to January 2022. Screening and randomization were conducted at Peking University First Hospital. Follow-up visits were performed online or in the same hospital. After assessing for eligibility, eligible participants were enrolled and allocated (1:1) to DCBT-I or sleep education groups. Data were analyzed from January to February 2022.InterventionsA Chinese smartphone-based app with the same interface was used in both DCBT-I and sleep education groups over 6 weeks, with 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores with the intention-to-treat principle. Secondary and exploratory outcomes included sleep diary measures; self-reported scales assessing dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, mental health, and quality of life; and smart bracelet measures.ResultsOf 82 participants (mean [SD] age, 49.67 [14.49] years; 61 [74.4%] females), with 41 randomized to sleep education and 41 randomized to DCBT-I; 77 participants completed the 6-week intervention (39 participants in the sleep education group and 38 participants in the DCBT-I group; full analysis data set) and 73 completed the 6-month follow-up (per protocol data set). Mean (SD) ISI scores in the DCBT-I group were significantly lower than those in the sleep education group after the 6-week intervention (12.7 [4.8] points vs 14.9 [5.0] points; Cohen d = 0.458; P = .048) and at the 3-month follow-up (12.1 [5.4] points vs 14.8 [5.5] points; Cohen d = 0.489; P = .04). There were significant improvements from before to after the intervention for both the sleep education and DCBT-I groups, with large effect sizes(sleep education: d = 1.13; DCBT-I: d = 1.71). Some of the sleep diary measures and self-reported scales showed more improvements in the DCBT-I group than sleep education group, such as total sleep time (mean [SD]: 3 months, 403.9 [57.6] minutes vs 363.2 [72.3] minutes; 6 months, 420.3 [58.0] minutes vs 389.7 [59.4] minutes) and sleep efficiency (mean [SD]: 3 months, 87.4% [8.3%] vs 76.7% [12.1%]; 6 months, 87.5% [8.2%] vs 78.1% [10.9%]).Conclusions and relevanceIn this randomized clinical trial, the smartphone-based Chinese culture-adapted DCBT-I improved insomnia severity compared with sleep education. Future multicenter clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to validate its effectiveness in the Chinese population.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04779372.
| S-EPMC10043748 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi) is considered the standard treatment. The internet has proven to be a useful and successful tool of providing CBTi. However, few studies have investigated the possible effect of unguided internet-delivered CBTi (ICBTi) on comorbid psychological symptoms and fatigue. Methods:Based on a randomized controlled trial, we investigated whether unguided ICBTi had an effect on comorbid psychological symptoms. Adults with insomnia (n?=?181; 67% women; mean age 44.9?years [SD 13.0]) were randomized to ICBTi (n?=?95) or to an online patient education condition (n?=?86) for a nine-week period. Results:The results from mixed linear modelling yielded medium to large between-group effect sizes from pre- to post-treatment for symptoms of anxiety or depression (d?=?-0.57; 95% CI?=?0.79-0.35) and fatigue (d?=?0.92; 95% CI?=?1.22-0.62). The ICBTi group was reassessed at a 6-month non-randomized follow-up, and the completing participants had on the average a significant increase (from the post-assessment) on symptoms of anxiety or depression, while the reduction in symptoms of fatigue (on post-assessment) was maintained. However, due to high dropout attrition and no control group data, caution should be made regarding the long-term effects. In conclusion, the present findings show that unguided ICBTi positively influence comorbid symptoms in the short-term, thereby emphasizing the clinical relevance of unguided ICBTi. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02261272.
| S-EPMC6096334 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia during pregnancy.MethodsRandomized, unmasked, 3-site controlled trial. Participants were randomly allocated to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (a first-line, empirically supported psychosocial intervention that addresses sleep-related behaviors and cognitions) or a control intervention consisting of imagery exercises that paired patient-identified distressing nighttime experiences with patient-identified neutral images. Participants were eligible if they met diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder and were between 18 and 32 weeks of gestation. Patients were ineligible if they met diagnostic criteria for major psychiatric disorders, including depression, or were receiving nonstudy treatments that could affect sleep (or both). The primary outcome was the Insomnia Severity Index score, a validated brief questionnaire, with scores between 14 and 21 representing clinically meaningful insomnia of moderate severity, scores higher than 21 representing severe insomnia, and scores less than 8 representing no insomnia. Secondary outcomes included remission of insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index score less than 8), objectively measured and self-reported time awake (ie, total wake time), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score. All outcomes were measured weekly. Analysis included 48 participants who did not complete treatment. We estimated that 184 women would be required to have 80% power, with a two-tailed test, to detect a moderate Cohen's d effect size (.5) with α=.05.ResultsBetween May 2013 and April 2017, 194 pregnant women were randomized and 149 completed treatment; 179 with available baseline data (92%) were ultimately analyzed, 89 in the cognitive therapy group and 90 in the control group. Women assigned to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia experienced significantly greater reductions in insomnia severity (scores decreased from 15.4±4.3 to 8.0±5.2 in the cognitive behavioral therapy group vs from 15.9±4.4 to 11.2±4.9 in the control therapy group [P<.001, d=0.5]). Remission of insomnia (to an Insomnia Severity Index score less than 8) disorder was attained by 64% of women in the cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia group vs 52% in the control group. Women receiving cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia experienced faster remission of insomnia disorder, with a median of 31 days vs 48 days in the control therapy (P<.001). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia led to significantly greater reduction in self-reported but not objective total wake time and a small but significantly greater decline in Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores vs the control group.ConclusionCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is an effective nonpharmacologic treatment for insomnia during pregnancy.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01846585.
| S-EPMC6485299 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Study objectivesThe current archival analyses examine the direct and indirect effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on depression in cancer survivors.MethodsWe report on 67 cancer survivors from a 2 × 2 randomized controlled trial of CBT-I and armodafinil for insomnia, after collapsing across the noneffective study medication conditions (armodafinil/placebo) to create CBT-I (yes/no). Depression and insomnia were assessed before, during the 7-week CBT-I intervention, at postintervention, and 3 months later by the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Insomnia Severity Index, respectively.ResultsMean depression at baseline for all participants was 6.44 (standard error = 0.41, range 0-15). Paired t tests showed that depression improved from baseline to postintervention by 48% (P < .001) in the CBT-I group versus 15% (P = .016) in the non-CBT-I group. Analysis of covariance controlling for baseline found that participants receiving CBT-I had significantly less depression at postintervention (effect size = -0.62; P = .001), compared to those who did not receive CBT-I. These benefits were maintained at the 3-month follow-up. Spearman rank correlations showed that changes in insomnia severity from baseline to postintervention were significantly correlated with concurrent changes in depression (r = .73; P < .001). Path analysis revealed that improvement in depression was mediated by improvement in insomnia severity (P < .001).ConclusionsOur findings provide preliminary support that in cancer survivors, CBT-I reduces depression via improvement in insomnia. Further, this reduction in depression remained stable 3 months after completing CBT-I. This suggests that a CBT-I intervention has a meaningful effect on depression.Clinical trial registrationRegistry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Title: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy +/- Armodafinil for Insomnia and Fatigue Following Chemotherapy; Identifier: NCT01091974; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01091974.
| S-EPMC6329536 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND:While cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) has been shown to be efficacious in treating cancer survivors' insomnia, 30-60% of individuals have difficulty adhering to intervention components. Psychosocial predictors of adherence and response to CBT-I, such as social support, have not been examined in intervention studies for cancer survivors. PARTICIPANTS:Data from a randomized placebo-controlled 2 x 2 trial of CBT-I and armodafinil (a wakefulness promoting agent) were used to assess adherence. Ninety-six cancer survivors participated in the trial (mean age 56, 86% female, 68% breast cancer). METHODS:CBT-I and armodafinil were administered over the course of seven weeks, and participants were assessed at baseline, during intervention, postintervention, and at a three-month follow-up. Social support was assessed using a Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy subscale, insomnia severity was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index, and adherence was measured based on CBT-I sleep prescriptions. RESULTS:At baseline, social support was negatively correlated with insomnia severity (r = -0.30, p = 0.002) and associations between social support, CBT-I, and insomnia were maintained through the three-month follow-up. Social support was positively associated with adherence to CBT-I during intervention weeks 3, 4, and 5, and with overall intervention adherence. At postintervention, both social support and treatment with CBT-I independently predicted decreased insomnia severity (p < 0.01) when controlling for baseline insomnia severity. CONCLUSIONS:Higher social support is associated with better intervention adherence and improved sleep independent of CBT-I. Additional research is needed to determine whether social support can be leveraged to improve adherence and response to CBT-I.
| S-EPMC5577382 | biostudies-literature