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Identification of Different Extracellular Vesicles in the Hydatid Fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and Immunomodulatory Effects of 110 K EVs on Sheep PBMCs.

ABSTRACT: Echinococcosis, mainly caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the host-parasite interplay. However, the EVs in the hydatid fluid (HF) of E. granulosus are not fully characterized. Herein, three different types of HF EVs, designated as 2 K, 10 K, and 110 K EVs based on the centrifugal force used, were morphologically identified. A total of 97, 80, and 581 proteins were identified in 2 K, 10 K, and 110 K EVs, respectively, 39 of which were commonly shared. Moreover, 11, 8, and 25 miRNAs were detected, respectively, and all of the 7 selected miRNAs were validated by qPCR to be significantly lower abundant than that in protoscoleces. It was further deemed that 110 K EVs were internalized by sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a time-dependent manner and thus induced interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?), and IRF5 were significantly upregulated and IL-1?, IL-17, and CD14 were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate the physical discrepancy of three HF EVs and an immunomodulatory effect of 110 K EVs on sheep PMBCs, suggesting a role in immune responses during E. granulosus infection.

SUBMITTER: Yang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7940240 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundCystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus metacestode, invokes a serious public health concern. Early diagnosis has great impacts on reduction of disability-adjusted life years. Several antigen B-related molecules (EgAgB; EgAgB1-5) are known to be immunopotent, but detection of EgAgB is variable in many patients and may not allow reliable interpretation of its immunological relevance. More importantly, the immunoproteome profile of hydatid fluid (HF) has not been addressed.MethodsWe conducted a proteome analysis of the HF of a single fertile cyst of CE1 and CE2 stages through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Each protein spot was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). We subsequently determined the immunoproteome profile employing patient sera of entire disease spectrum from CE1 to CE5 stages.ResultsWe identified 40 parasite proteins, of which EgAgB (28 spots) and antigen 5 (EgAg5; 5 molecules) were abundant. EgAgB proteoforms constituted the majority, mostly EgAgB1 (24 spots), followed by EgAgB2 and EgAgB4 (2 spots each). EgAgB3 was detected only by liquid chromatography-MS/MS. EgAgB5 was not recognized. We also detected 38 host proteins, which were largely composed of serum components, antioxidant/xenobiotic enzymes, and enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. CE1 and CE2 HF exhibited comparable spotting patterns, but CE2 HF harbored greater amounts of EgAgB and EgAg5 complexes. CE sera demonstrated complicated immune recognition patterns according to the disease progression; CE2 and CE3 stages exhibited strong antibody responses against diverse EgAgB and EgAg5 proteoforms, while CE1, CE4, and CE5 stages mainly reacted to EgAg5 and cathepsin B. Patient sera of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cross-reacted with diverse EgAgB isoforms (36%). EgAg5 and cathepsin B also demonstrated cross-reactions with sera from neurocysticercosis and sparganosis.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that detection of a single defined molecule may not properly diagnose CE, since specific immunodominant epitopes changed as the disease progresses. Immunoproteome analysis combined with imaging studies may be practical in the differential diagnosis of CE from AE and other cystic lesions, as well as for staging CE, which are pertinent to establish appropriate patient management.

Project description:Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide chronic zoonotic disease that threatens human health and animal husbandry. Exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) have emerged recently as mediators in the parasite-parasite intercommunication and parasite-host interactions. Exosome-like vesicles from parasites can transfer non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) into host cells to regulate their gene expression; however, the ncRNAs profiles of the ELVs from Echinococcus granulosus remain unknown. Here, we isolated protoscolece (PSC)-ELVs and hydatid fluid (HF)-ELVs from the culture medium for E. granulosus PSCs in vitro and the HF of fertile sheep cysts, respectively. The microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) profiles of the two types of ELVs were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, and their functions were predicted using Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. In PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, 118 and 58 miRNAs were identified, respectively, among which 53 miRNAs were present in both ELVs, whereas 65 and 5 miRNAs were unique to PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, respectively; 2,361 and 1,254 lncRNAs were identified in PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, respectively, among which 1,004 lncRNAs were present in both ELVs, whereas 1,357 and 250 lncRNAs were unique to PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs, respectively. Intriguingly, the spilled PSCs from cysts excrete ELVs with higher numbers of and higher expression levels of miRNAs and circRNAs than HF-ELVs. The miRNA sequencing data were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the target lncRNAs and mRNAs regulated by the 20 most abundant miRNAs were screened, and a ceRNA regulatory network containing 5 miRNAs, 41 lncRNAs, and 23 mRNAs was constructed, which provided new ideas and the molecular basis for further clarification of the function and mechanism of E. granulosus ELVs ncRNAs in the parasite-host interactions. Egr-miR-125-5p and egr-miR-10a-5p, sharing identical seed sites with host miRNAs, were predicted to mediate inflammatory response, collagen catabolic process, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade during parasite infections. In conclusion, for the first time, we identified the ncRNAs profiles in PSC-ELVs and HF-ELVs that might be involved in host immunity and pathogenesis, and enriched the ncRNAs data of E. granulosus. These results provided valuable resources for further analysis of the regulatory potential of ncRNAs, especially miRNAs, in both types of ELVs at the parasite-host interface.

Project description:BackgroundCystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease), caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (class Cestoda; family Taeniidae), is a neglected tropical disease that results in morbidity and mortality in millions of humans, as well as in huge economic losses in the livestock industry globally. Proteins from the tetraspanin family in parasites have recently become regarded as crucial molecules in interaction with hosts in parasitism and are therefore suitable for the development of vaccines and diagnostic agents. However, no information is available to date on E. granulosus tetraspanin.MethodsIn this study, a uroplakin-I-like tetraspanin (Eg-TSP1) of E. granulosus was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The immunolocalization of Eg-TSP1 in different life stages of E. granulosus was determined using specific polyclonal antibody. The antibody and cytokine profiles of mice that immunized with recombinant Eg-TSP1 (rEg-TSP1) were measured for the immunogenicity analysis of this protein. Additionally, we use RNA interference method to explore the biological function of Eg-TSP1 in larva of E. granulosus.ResultsImmunofluorescence analysis showed that endogenous Eg-TSP1 mainly localized in the tegument of larvae and adults. Significantly elevated levels of antibodies IgG1 and IgG2a and of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 were observed in the sera of mice after immunization with rEg-TSP1, suggesting a typical T helper (Th)1-mediated immune response elicited by rEg-TSP1. On further probing the role of Eg-TSP1 in E. granulosus by RNA interference, we found that a thinner tegmental distal cytoplasm was induced in protoscoleces treated with siRNA-132 compared to controls.ConclusionsThis is the first report characterizing a tetraspanin from the tapeworm E. granulosus. Our results suggest that Eg-TSP1 is associated with biogenesis of the tegument and maintenance of structural integrity of E. granulosus and could therefore be a candidate intervention target for control of hydatid disease.

Project description:The globally distributed cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), a cosmopolitan and zoonotic disease with potentially life-threatening complications in humans. The emerging roles for extracellular vesicles (EVs) in parasitic infection include transferring proteins and modifying host cell gene expression to modulate host immune responses. Few studies focused on the host-derived EVs and its protein profiles. We focused on the EVs from mouse infected with E. granulosus at different stages. ExoQuick kit was used for isolating EVs from mouse plasma and ExoEasy Maxi kit was used for isolating protoscolex culture supernatant (PCS) and hydatid cyst fluid (HCF). Firstly, EVs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and immunoblot. Secondly, the proteins of plasma EVs were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The resulting LC-MS/MS data were processed using Maxquant search engine (v 1.5.2.8). Tandem mass spectra were researched against the mice and E. granulosus proteins database in the NCBI. The differentially expressed proteins are performed by proteomic label-free quantitative analysis and bioinformatics. Thirdly, in vitro experiment, the results of co-culture of plasma EVs and spleen mononuclear cells showed that 7W-EVs can increase the relative abundance of regulatory T (Treg) cells and IL-10. We further verified that EVs can be internalized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). These results implied host-derived EVs are multidirectional immune modulators. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of the role of host-derived EVs which are the optimal vehicle to transfer important cargo into host immune system. In addition, we have found several important proteins associated with E. granulosus and identified in infected mouse plasma at different stages. Furthermore, our study further highlighted the proteomics and immunological function of EVs from mouse infected with E. granulosus protoscoleces at different infection stages. We have laid a solid foundation for the role of EVs in cystic echinococcosis in the future research and supplemented a unique dataset for this E. granulosus.

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Identification of Different Extracellular Vesicles in the Hydatid Fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and Immunomodulatory Effects of 110 K EVs on Sheep PBMCs.

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