The complete mitochondrial genome of Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kim KY
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7954417 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo is a Falco bird belonging to the group Falconiformes, and was listed in Appendices II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and listed as a Class II protected species on China's List of Wildlife under Special State Protection. In this study, the complete mitogenome of F. subbuteo was determined. The mitochondrial DNA is packaged in a compact 17,678 based pair (bp) circular molecule with A + T content of 54.70%. It contains 37 typical mitochondrial genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs, and 2 non-coding regions (D-Loop). We reconstructed a phylogenetic tree based on mitogenome sequences of 13 Falconidae species and one outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that F. subbuteo was a sister taxon to F. cuvierii with node support 100. The new mitogenome data would provide useful information for application in conservation genetics and further clarify the phylogenetic evolution of this species.
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Project description:BackgroundGross dissection is a widespread method for studying animal anatomy, despite being highly destructive and time-consuming. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a non-destructive alternative for studying anatomical structures. However, in the past it has been limited to only being able to visualise mineralised tissues. In recent years, morphologists have started to use traditional X-ray contrast agents to allow the visualisation of soft tissue elements in the CT context. The aim of this project is to assess the ability of contrast-enhanced micro-CT (μCT) to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model of the musculoskeletal system of the bird wing and to quantify muscle geometry and any systematic changes due to shrinkage. We expect that this reconstruction can be used as an anatomical guide to the sparrowhawk wing musculature and form the basis of further biomechanical analysis of flight.MethodsA 3% iodine-buffered formalin solution with a 25-day staining period was used to visualise the wing myology of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). μCT scans of the wing were taken over the staining period until full penetration of the forelimb musculature by iodine was reached. A 3D model was reconstructed by manually segmenting out the individual elements of the avian wing using 3D visualisation software.ResultsDifferent patterns of contrast were observed over the duration of the staining treatment with the best results occurring after 25 days of staining. Staining made it possible to visualise and identify different elements of the soft tissue of the wing. Finally, a 3D reconstruction of the musculoskeletal system of the sparrowhawk wing is presented and numerical data of muscle geometry is compared to values obtained by dissection.DiscussionContrast-enhanced μCT allows the visualisation and identification of the wing myology of birds, including the smaller muscles in the hand, and provides a non-destructive way for quantifying muscle volume with an accuracy of 96.2%. By combining contrast-enhanced μCT with 3D visualisation techniques, it is possible to study the individual muscles of the forelimb in their original position and 3D design, which can be the basis of further biomechanical analysis. Because the stain can be washed out post analysis, this technique provides a means of obtaining quantitative muscle data from museum specimens non-destructively.
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