Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus is associated with osteosarcoma in Xinjiang populations.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Chen Q
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7958238 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causal agent of all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), including AIDS-KS, endemic KS, classic KS and iatrogenic KS. Based on Open reading frame (ORF) K1 sequence analysis, KSHV has been classified into seven major molecular subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, F and Z). The distribution of KSHV strains varies according to geography and ethnicity. Xinjiang is a unique region where the seroprevalence of KSHV is significantly higher than other parts of China. The genotyping of KSHV strains in this region has not been thoroughly studied. The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of KSHV genotypes isolated from KS tissues in Classical KS and AIDS KS patients from Xinjiang, China. ORF-K1 of KSHV from tissue samples of 28 KS patients was amplified and sequenced. Two subtypes of KSHV were identified according to K1 genotyping. Twenty-three of them belonged to subtype A, while five of them were subtype C. More genotype A than genotype C strains were found in both Classical KS and AIDS KS. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of different genotype between Classical KS and AIDS KS.
| S-EPMC4276930 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Xinjiang, China is an endemic area for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) but the seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and risk factors remain undefined. In this study, antibodies to one KSHV latent protein (ORF73) and two KSHV lytic proteins (ORF65 and ORF-K8.1) were examined in 2,228 subjects from the general population and 37 subjects infected with HIV-1 in Xinjiang, and 560 subjects from the general population in Hubei, a low KS incidence region. The serostatus of a serum sample was defined based on positive results in any one of the three serologic assays. The seroprevalence of KSHV in the general population was higher in Xinjiang than in Hubei (19.2% vs. 9.5%; odds ratios [OR], 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68-3.08; P < 0.001). Among the ethnic groups in Xinjiang, 68 (15.8%) Han, 182 (20.7%) Uygur, 140 (19.9%) Hazakh, 9 (33.3%) Xibo, and 29 (16.8%) Hui were KSHV-seropositive, respectively. Compared to the Han, the latter groups had an increase in the risk of KSHV of 62.2%, 63.8%, 180.1%, and 30.2% (P = 0.003, 0.004, 0.018, and 0.286, respectively). Subjects aged <20, 20-50, and >50 had a seroprevalence of KSHV of 11.8%, 17.9%, and 24.6%, respectively. Compared to subjects aged <20, the latter groups had an increase in the risk of KSHV of 63.3% and 144.5% (P = 0.009 and <0.001, respectively). Subjects infected with HIV-1 in Xinjiang had a seroprevalence of KSHV of 43.2%, and a 220% increase in the risk of KSHV compared to the general population (P < 0.001). Similar results were obtained when the seroprevalence of KSHV was analyzed with any single or two of the three serologic assays alone. Genotyping identified three unique sequences clustered in the A clade. This study indicates that Xinjiang has a high seroprevalence of KSHV. Geographic location, ethnicity, age and HIV-1 infection are risk factors. Serologic and genotyping results suggest the introduction of KSHV into Xinjiang by specific ethnic groups.
| S-EPMC2755560 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the infectious etiologic agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. It has been shown that high KSHV prevalence and high incidence of both classic KS and AIDSassociated KS are found mostly among people of Uygur ethnicity in Xinjiang, while people of Han ethnicity in Xinjiang have a higher KSHV seroprevalence than those of other Han populations in mainland China. However, it is still unclear why there is such geographical and population variation in KSHV distribution in China. In this work, we focused on the populations in the Kashgar region and Urumqi area, where a total of 1294 research subjects were randomly selected to investigate the potential correlation between KSHV prevalence and different ethnicities in endemic areas of Xinjiang, and to determine risk factors that may affect KSHV infection rates or KS incidence. We identified a high seroprevalence of KSHV and high peripheral blood DNA infection in the general Uygur and Han populations in both Urumqi and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang, and determined that advancing age, low education level, and stationary population status affect KSHV infection rates. Further, KSHV-positive Uygur participants were shown to have higher prevalence of neutralizing antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers than KSHV-positive Han participants.
| S-EPMC6704202 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human pathogenic γ-herpesvirus strongly associated with the development of Kaposi's Sarcoma and B cell proliferative disorders, including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The identification and functional investigation of non-coding RNAs expressed by KSHV is a topic with rapidly emerging importance. KSHV miRNAs derived from 12 stem-loops located in the major latency locus have been the focus of particular attention. Recent studies describing the transcriptome-wide identification of mRNA targets of the KSHV miRNAs suggest that these miRNAs have evolved a highly complex network of interactions with the cellular and viral transcriptomes. Relatively few KSHV miRNA targets, however, have been characterized at a functional level. Here, our current understanding of KSHV miRNA expression, targets, and function will be reviewed.
| S-EPMC3342587 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Spontaneous lytic reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) occurs at a low rate in latently infected cells in disease and culture. This suggests imperfect epigenetic maintenance of viral transcription programs, perhaps due to variability in chromatin structure at specific loci across the population of KSHV episomal genomes. To characterize this locus-specific chromatin structural diversity, we used MAPit single-molecule footprinting, which simultaneously maps endogenous CG methylation and accessibility to M.CviPI at GC sites. Diverse chromatin structures were detected at the LANA, RTA and vIL6 promoters. At each locus, chromatin ranged from fully closed to fully open across the population. This diversity has not previously been reported in a virus. Phorbol ester and RTA transgene induction were used to identify chromatin conformations associated with reactivation of lytic transcription, which only a fraction of episomes had. Moreover, certain chromatin conformations correlated with CG methylation patterns at the RTA and vIL6 promoters. This indicated that some of the diverse chromatin conformations at these loci were epigenetically distinct. Finally, by comparing chromatin structures from a cell line infected with constitutively latent virus, we identified products of lytic replication. Our findings show that epigenetic drift can restrict viral propagation by chromatin compaction at latent and lytic promoters.
| S-EPMC3597696 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is etiologically related to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). It typically displays two different phases in its life cycle, the default latency and occasional lytic replication. The epigenetic modifications are thought to determine the fate of KSHV infection. Previous studies elegantly depicted epigenetic landscape of latent viral genome in in vitro cell culture systems. However, the physiologically relevant scenario in clinical KS tissue samples is unclear. In the present study, we established a protocol of ChIP-Seq for clinical KS tissue samples and mapped out the epigenetic landscape of KSHV genome in classic KS tissues. We examined AcH3 and H3K27me3 histone modifications on KSHV genome, as well as the genome-wide binding sites of latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Our results demonstrated that the enriched AcH3 was mainly restricted at latent locus while H3K27me3 was widespread on KSHV genome in classic KS tissues. The epigenetic landscape at the region of vIRF3 gene confirmed its silenced state in KS tissues. Meanwhile, the abundant enrichment of LANA at the terminal repeat (TR) region was also validated in the classic KS tissues, however, different LANA binding sites were observed on the host genome. Furthermore, we verified the histone modifications by ChIP-qPCR and found the dominant repressive H3K27me3 at the promoter region of replication and transcription activator (RTA) in classic KS tissues. Intriguingly, we found that the TR region in classic KS tissues was lacking in AcH3 histone modifications. These data now established the epigenetic landscape of KSHV genome in classic KS tissues, which provides new insights for understanding KSHV epigenetics and pathogenesis.
| S-EPMC5291540 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and its causative agent, Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8), a gamma2 herpesvirus, have distinctive geographical distributions that are largely unexplained. We propose the "oncoweed" hypothesis to explain these differences, namely that environmental cofactors present in KS endemic regions cause frequent reactivation of KSHV in infected subjects, leading to increased viral shedding and transmission leading to increased prevalence of KSHV infection as well as high viral load levels and antibody titers. Reactivation also plays a role in the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated malignancies. To test this hypothesis, we employed an in vitro KSHV reactivation assay that measured increases in KSHV viral load in KSHV infected primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells and screened aqueous natural product extracts from KS endemic regions. Of 4,842 extracts from 38 countries, 184 (5%) caused KSHV reactivation. Extracts that caused reactivation came from a wide variety of plant families, and extracts from Africa, where KSHV is highly prevalent, caused the greatest level of reactivation. Time course experiments were performed using 28 extracts that caused the highest levels of reactivation. The specificity of the effects on viral replication was examined using transcriptional profiling of all viral mRNAs. The array data indicated that the natural extracts caused an ordered cascade of lytic replication similar to that seen after induction with synthetic activators. These in vitro data provide support for the "oncoweed" hypothesis by demonstrating basic biological plausibility.
| S-EPMC2857915 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (also called human herpesvirus 8) is consistently found in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions and in body-cavity-based lymphomas. A 17-kb KSHV lambda clone was obtained directly from a Kaposi's sarcoma lesion. DNA sequence analysis of this clone identified an open reading frame which has 32% amino acid identity and 53% similarity to the virus-encoded cyclin (v-cyclin) of herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and 31% identity and 53% similarity to human cellular cyclin D2. This KSHV open reading frame was shown to encode a 29- to 30-kDa protein with the properties of a v-cyclin. KSHV v-cyclin protein was found to associate predominantly with cdk6, a cellular cyclin-dependent kinase known to interact with cellular type D cyclins and HVS v-cyclin. The KSHV v-cyclin was also found to associate weakly with cdk4. KSHV v-cyclin-cdk6 complexes strongly phosphorylated glutathione S-transferase-Rb fusion protein and histone H1 as substrates in vitro. Thus, KSHV v-cyclin resembles the v-cyclin of the T-lymphocyte-transforming HVS in its specificity for association with cdk6 and in its ability to strongly activate cdk6 protein kinase activity.
| S-EPMC191282 | biostudies-other
Project description:Herpesvirus gene expression can be classified into four distinct kinetic stages: latent, immediate early, early, and late. Here we characterize the kinetic class of a group of 16 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 genes in a cultured primary effusion cell line and examine the expression of a subset of these genes in KS biopsies. Expression of two latent genes, LANA and vFLIP, was constitutive and was not induced by chemicals that induce the lytic cycle in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. An immediate-early gene, Rta (open reading frame 50 [ORF50]), was induced within 4 h of the addition of n-butyrate, and its 3.6-kb mRNA was resistant to inhibition by cycloheximide. Early genes, including K3 and K5 that are homologues of the "immediate-early" gene of bovine herpesvirus 4, K8 that is a positional homologue of Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1, vMIP II, vIL-6, and polyadenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA, appeared 8 to 13 h after chemical induction. A second group of early genes that were slightly delayed in their appearance included viral DHFR, thymidylate synthase, vMIP I, G protein-coupled receptor, K12, vBcl2, and a lytic transcript that overlapped LANA. The transcript of sVCA (ORF65), a late gene whose expression was abolished by Phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of KSHV DNA replication, did not appear until 30 h after induction. Single-cell assays indicated that the induction of lytic cycle transcripts resulted from the recruitment of additional cells into the lytic cycle. In situ hybridization of KS biopsies showed that about 3% of spindle-shaped tumor cells expressed Rta, ORF K8, vIL-6, vMIP I, vBcl-2, PAN RNA, and sVCA. Our study shows that several KSHV-encoded homologues of cellular cytokines, chemokines, and antiapoptotic factors are expressed during the viral lytic cycle in PEL cell lines and in KS biopsies. The lytic cycle of KSHV, probably under the initial control of the KSHV/Rta gene, may directly contribute to tumor pathogenesis.
| S-EPMC104468 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes 11 distinct microRNAs, all of which are found clustered within the major latency-associated region of the KSHV genome in the same transcriptional orientation. Because the KSHV microRNAs are all expressed in latently infected cells and are largely unaffected by induction of lytic replication, it appeared probable that they would be processed out of KSHV transcripts that are derived from a latent promoter(s) present in this region. Here, we define three latent transcripts, derived from two distinct KSHV latent promoters, that function as both KSHV primary microRNA precursors and as kaposin pre-mRNAs. These activities require the readthrough of a leaky viral polyadenylation signal located at nucleotide 122070 in the KSHV genome. In contrast, recognition of this polyadenylation signal gives rise to previously identified mRNAs that encode the KSHV open reading frames (ORFs) 71, 72 and 73 proteins as well as a novel unspliced KSHV mRNA that encodes only ORF72 and ORF71. Thus, transcripts initiating at the two latent promoters present in the KSHV latency-associated region can undergo two entirely distinct fates, i.e., processing to give a kaposin mRNA and viral microRNAs on the one hand or expression as KSHV ORF71, ORF72, or ORF73 mRNAs on the other, depending on whether the viral polyadenylation site located at position 122070 is ignored or recognized, respectively.
| S-EPMC1395403 | biostudies-literature