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Effector Profiles of Endophytic Fusarium Associated with Asymptomatic Banana (Musa sp.) Hosts.

ABSTRACT: During the infection of a host, plant pathogenic fungi secrete small proteins called effectors, which then modulate the defence response of the host. In the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), the secreted in xylem (SIX) gene effectors are important for host-specific pathogenicity, and are also useful markers for identifying the various host-specific lineages. While the presence and diversity of the SIX genes has been explored in many of the pathogenic lineages of F. oxysporum, there is a limited understanding of these genes in non-pathogenic, endophytic isolates of F. oxysporum. In this study, universal primers for each of the known SIX genes are designed and used to screen a panel of endophytically-associated Fusarium species isolated from healthy, asymptomatic banana tissue. SIX gene orthologues are identified in the majority of the Fusarium isolates screened in this study. Furthermore, the SIX gene profiles of these endophytic isolates do not overlap with the SIX genes present in the pathogenic lineages of F. oxysporum that are assessed in this study. SIX gene orthologues have not been commonly identified in Fusarium species outside of the FOSC nor in non-pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum. The results of this study indicate that the SIX gene effectors may be more broadly distributed throughout the Fusarium genus than previously thought. This has important implications for understanding the evolution of pathogenicity in the FOSC.

SUBMITTER: Czislowski E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7975973 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundBanana wilt disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), is one of the most devastating diseases in banana (Musa spp.). Foc is a soil borne pathogen that causes rot of the roots or wilt of leaves by colonizing the xylem vessels. The dual RNA sequencing is used to simultaneously assess the transcriptomes of pathogen and host. This method greatly helps to understand the responses of pathogen and host to each other and discover the potential pathogenic mechanism.ResultsPlantlets of two economically important banana cultivars, Foc TR4 less susceptible cultivar NK and susceptible cultivar BX, were used to research the Foc-banana interaction mechanism. Notably, the infected NK had more significantly up-regulated genes on the respiration machinery including TCA cycle, glyoxylate, glycerol, and glycolysis compared to BX at 27 h post inoculation (hpi). In addition, genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction, starch, sucrose, linolenic acid and sphingolipid metabolisms were uniquely more greatly induced in BX than those in NK during the whole infection. Genes related to the biosynthesis and metabolism of SA and JA were greatly induced in the infected NK; while auxin and abscisic acid metabolisms related genes were strongly stimulated in the infected BX at 27 hpi. Furthermore, most of fungal genes were more highly expressed in the roots of BX than in those of NK. The fungal genes related to pathogenicity, pectin and chitin metabolism, reactive oxygen scavenging played the important roles during the infection of Foc. CCP1 (cytochrome c peroxidase 1) was verified to involve in cellulose utilization, oxidative stress response and pathogenicity of fungus.ConclusionThe transcriptome indicated that NK had much faster defense response against Foc TR4 than BX and the expression levels of fungal genes were higher in BX than those in NK. The metabolisms of carbon, nitrogen, and signal transduction molecular were differentially involved in pathogen infection in BX and NK. Additionally, the putative virulence associated fungal genes involved in colonization, nutrition acquirement and transport provided more insights into the infection process of Foc TR4 in banana roots.

Project description:IntroductionViruses generally cause disease, but some viruses may be beneficial as resident regulators of their hosts or host microbiomes. Plant-associated viruses can help plants survive by increasing stress tolerance or regulating endophytic communities. The goal of this study was to characterize endophytic virus communities in banana and plantain (Musa spp.) genotypes, including cultivated and wild species, to assess virome repertoires and detect novel viruses.MethodsDNA viral communities were characterized by shotgun sequencing of an enriched endosphere extract from leaves and roots or corm of 7 distinct Musa genotypes (M. balbisiana, Thai Black, M. textilis, M. sikkimensis, Dwarf Cavendish, Williams Hybrid, and FHIA-25 Hybrid).ResultsResults showed abundant virus-like contigs up to 108,191 bp long with higher relative abundance in leaves than roots. Analyses predicted 733 phage species in 51 families, with little overlap in phage communities among plants. Phage diversity was higher in roots and in diploid wild hosts. Ackermanniviridae and Rhizobium phage were generally the most abundant taxa. A Rhizobium RR1-like phage related to a phage of an endophytic tumor-causing rhizobium was found, bearing a holin gene and a partial Shiga-like toxin gene, raising interest in its potential to regulate endophytic Rhizobiaceae. Klebsiella phages were of interest for possible protection against Fusarium wilt, and other phages were predicted with potential to regulate Erwinia, Pectobacterium, and Ralstonia-associated diseases. Although abundant phage-containing contigs were functionally annotated, revealing 1,038 predicted viral protein domains, gene repertoires showed high divergence from database sequences, suggesting novel phages in these banana cultivars. Plant DNA viruses included 56 species of Badnavirus and 26 additional non-Musa plant viruses with distributions that suggested a mixture of resident and transient plant DNA viruses in these samples.DiscussionTogether, the disparate viral communities in these plants from a shared environment suggest hosts drive the composition of these virus communities. This study forms a first step in understanding the endophytic virome in this globally important food crop, which is currently threatened by fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases.

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Effector Profiles of Endophytic Fusarium Associated with Asymptomatic Banana (Musa sp.) Hosts.

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