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Pegylated Recombinant Human Arginase 1 Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis via the ROS-Activated AKT/mTOR Pathway in Bladder Cancer Cells.

ABSTRACT: Bladder cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, especially in males. Current therapeutic interventions, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, have not been able to improve the clinical outcome of bladder cancer patients with satisfaction. Recombinant human arginase (rhArg, BCT-100) is a novel agent with great anticancer effects on arginine-auxotrophic tumors. However, the effects of BCT-100 on bladder cancer remain unclear. In this study, the in vitro anticancer effects of BCT-100 were assessed using four bladder cancer cell lines (J82, SCaBER, T24, and 5637), while the in vivo effects were evaluated by establishing T24 nude mice xenograft models. Intracellular arginine level was observed to be sharply decreased followed by the onset of apoptotic events. Furthermore, BCT-100 was found to induce H₂O₂ production and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, leading to the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and Smac to the cytosol. Treatment with BCT was observed to upregulate the expression of LC3B and Becllin-1, but downregulate the expression of p62 in a time-dependent manner. Autophagic flux was also observed upon BCT-100 treatment. Besides, the phosphorylation of the AKT/mTOR pathway was suppressed in a time-dependent fashion in BCT-100-treated T24 cells. While N-acetyl-L-cysteine was shown to alleviate BCT-100-induced apoptosis and autophagy, chloroquine, MK-2206, and rapamycin were found to potentiate BCT-100-triggered apoptosis. Finally, BCT-100 was demonstrated to induce autophagy and apoptosis via the ROS-mediated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in bladder cancer cells.

SUBMITTER: Zhao Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7996046 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element known for its significant role in maintaining human health and mitigating disease progression. Selenium and its compounds exhibit high selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells. However, their anti-cervical cancer (CC) effects and underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. This study found that sodium selenite (SS) inhibits the viability of HeLa and SiHa cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal injection of 3 and 6 mg/kg SS for 14 days in female nude mice significantly inhibited the growth of HeLa cell xenografts without evident hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. RNA sequencing results indicated that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Forkhead box protein O (FOXO), and apoptosis signaling pathways are key regulatory pathways in SS's anti-CC effects, and SS's inhibition of HeLa cell proliferation may be related to autophagy and ROS-induced apoptosis. Further research has revealed that SS induces cell autophagy and apoptosis through the AMPK/mTOR/FOXO3a pathway, characterized by the upregulation of p-AMPK/AMPK, FOXO3a, LC3-II, cleaved-caspase3, and cleaved-PARP and the downregulation of p-mTOR/mTOR and p62. Additionally, SS impaired mitochondrial function, including decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, and accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Pretreatment with Mitoquinone mesylate (Mito Q) and compound C partially reversed SS-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and proliferation inhibition. Pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) enhances SS-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition in HeLa cells but reverses these effects in SiHa cells. In summary, SS induces apoptosis, autophagy, and proliferation inhibition in HeLa and SiHa cells through the activation of the AMPK/mTOR/FOXO3a signaling pathway via mtROS. Autophagy activation may be a major risk factor for SS-induced apoptosis in SiHa cells but can protect HeLa cells from SS-induced apoptosis. These findings provide new evidence for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SS in potential new drug development for CC.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of tendon pain and tendon rupture. Tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) play a vital role in the development of tendinopathy. Our previous research found that high cholesterol inhibits tendon-related gene expression in TDSCs. Whether high cholesterol has other biological effects on TDSCs remains unknown. METHODS:TDSCs isolated from female SD rats were exposed to 10 mg/dL cholesterol for 24 h. Then, cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope. RFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus transfection was used for measuring autophagy. Signaling transduction was measured by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. In addition, Achilles tendons from ApoE -/- mice fed with a high-fat diet were histologically assessed using HE staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:In this work, we verified that 10 mg/dL cholesterol suppressed cell proliferation and migration and induced G0/G1 phase arrest. Additionally, cholesterol induced apoptosis and autophagy simultaneously in TDSCs. Apoptosis induction was related to increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and BAX and decreased expression of Bcl-xL. The occurrence of autophagic flux and accumulation of LC3-II demonstrated the induction of autophagy by cholesterol. Compared with the effects of cholesterol treatment alone, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) enhanced apoptosis, while the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK diminished cholesterol-induced autophagy. Moreover, cholesterol triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activated the AKT/FOXO1 pathway, while the ROS scavenger NAC blocked cholesterol-induced activation of the AKT/FOXO1 pathway. NAC and the FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856 rescued the apoptosis and autophagy induced by cholesterol. Finally, high cholesterol elevated the expression of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, LC3-II, and FOXO1 in vivo. CONCLUSION:The present study indicated that high cholesterol induced apoptosis and autophagy through ROS-activated AKT/FOXO1 signaling in TDSCs, providing new insights into the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia-induced tendinopathy. High cholesterol induces apoptosis and autophagy through the ROS-activated AKT/FOXO1 pathway in tendon-derived stem cells.

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Pegylated Recombinant Human Arginase 1 Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis via the ROS-Activated AKT/mTOR Pathway in Bladder Cancer Cells.

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