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Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules.

ABSTRACT: The drying process is a significant step in the manufacturing process of enteric hard capsules, which affects the physical and chemical properties of the capsules. Thus, the drying characteristics of plant-based enteric hard capsules were investigated at a constant air velocity of 2 m/s in a bench scale hot-air dryer under a temperature range of 25 to 45 °C and relative humidity of 40 to 80%. Results indicate that the drying process of the capsules mainly occur in a falling-rate period, implying that moisture transfer in the capsules is governed by internal moisture diffusion rate. High temperature and low relative humidity reduce drying time but increase the drying rate of the capsules. Investigation results of the mechanical properties and storage stability of the capsules, however, reveal that a fast drying rate leads to plant-based enteric hard capsules of low quality. Scanning electron microscopy further demonstrates that more layered cracks appear in capsules produced under a faster drying rate. The Page model yielded the best fit for describing thin-layer drying of the capsules based on the coefficient of determination and reduced chi-square. Moreover, it was established that the effective moisture diffusivity of the capsules increases with an increase in drying temperature or reduction in relative humidity.

SUBMITTER: He C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7998449 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Vacuum freeze-drying of biological materials is one of the best methods of water removal, with final products of highest quality. The solid state of water during freeze-drying protects the primary structure and the shape of the products with minimal volume reduction. In addition, the lower temperatures in the process allow maximal nutrient and bioactive compound retention. This technique has been successfully applied to diverse biological materials, such as meats, coffee, juices, dairy products, cells, and bacteria, and is standard practice for penicillin, hormones, blood plasma, vitamin preparations, etc. Despite its many advantages, having four to ten times more energy requirements than regular hot air drying, freeze-drying has always been recognized as the most expensive process for manufacturing a dehydrated product. The application of the freeze-drying process to plant-based foods has been traditionally dedicated to the production of space shuttle goods, military or extreme-sport foodstuffs, and specialty foods such as coffee or spices. Recently, the market for 'natural' and 'organic' products is, however, strongly growing as well as the consumer's demand for foods with minimal processing and high quality. From this perspective, the market for freeze-dried plant-based foods is not only increasing but also diversifying. Freeze-dried fruits and vegetables chunks, pieces, or slices are nowadays majorly used in a wide range of food products such as confectionaries, morning cereals, soups, bakeries, meal boxes, etc. Instant drinks are prepared out of freeze-dried tea, coffee, or even from maple syrup enriched with polyphenol concentrated extracts from trees. The possibilities are endless. In this review, the application of freeze-drying to transform plant-based foods was analyzed, based on the recent research publications on the subject and personal unpublished data. The review is structured around the following related topics: latest applications of freeze-drying to plant-based foods, specific technological problems that could be found when freeze-drying such products (i.e., presence of cuticle; high sugar or lipid concentration), pretreatments and intensification technologies employed in freeze-drying of plant-based foods, and quality issues of these freeze-dried products.

Project description:BackgroundTo investigate the biosynthesis and pharmacokinetic course of enteric-coated soft capsules of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) in a beagle dog model.MethodsTo satisfy the enteric properties of soft capsules, the PNS enteric soft gelatin capsules were prepared by formaldehyde impregnation and orthogonal experimental design. The fluidity of gelatin and the disintegration time were selected as evaluation indexes; the soft gelatin capsule content was self-emulsifying, and the Km value and the optimal prescription were determined by making three-phase diagrams; in vivo pharmacokinetics studies were performed on six beagle dogs with 3 dogs in each group. Beagle dogs were divided into two groups randomly. One group was given PNS self-emulsifying enteric capsule and the other was given market conventional capsules. Plasma samples were collected at different times. After 1 week, the crossover experiment was carried out. The plasma concentration was detected by HPLC-MS (high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Then the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartment model analysis.ResultsThe range and variance analysis of the orthogonal test determined that the best prescription of total saponins of Panax notoginseng enteric soft capsule was:gelatin:glycerol:water =1:1:2, Soak the films in 1% formaldehyde for 1 hour. The contents of the soft capsule self-microemulsion are prescribed as: IPM (isopropyl myristate):Cremophor RH40:PEG400 (polyethylene glycol 400) =1:4.5:4.5 (with suitable PNS); the pharmacokinetic parameters of PNS self-emulsified enteric capsules and conventional capsules in the market are as follows: Rb1:Cmax is (18.05±0.26) and (15.50±0.51) ng/mL, Tmax is (2.00±0) and (3.00±0) h, AUC0→t is 98.49±1.16 and 34.46±2.02 (ng/mL)·h, relative bioavailability is 196.2%; Rg1: Cmax is 4.16±0.25 and 3.88±0.28 ng/mL, Tmax is 2.00±0 and 1.50±0 h, area under drug time curve (AUC)0→t is 11.80±2.93 and 10.45±2.29 (ng/mL)·h, relative bioavailability is 77.2%; R1:Cmax is 1.84±0.25 and 1.48±0.21 ng/mL, Tmax is 2.08±0.49 and 1.92±0.20 h, AUC0→t is 7.06±2.07 and 7.16±2.59 (ng/mL)·h, relative bioavailability is 117.7%.ConclusionsThe experiment in vivo showed the higher relative bioavailability of PNS self-emulsifying enteric capsule compared with market conventional capsules. This will provide a potential application prospect for the clinical research and applications of PNS.

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Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules.

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