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Phytoremediation of CYN, MC-LR and ANTX-a from Water by the Submerged Macrophyte Lemna trisulca.

ABSTRACT: Cyanotoxins are harmful to aquatic and water-related organisms. In this study, Lemna trisulca was tested as a phytoremediation agent for three common cyanotoxins produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Cocultivation of L. trisulca with Dolichospermum flos-aquae in BG11 medium caused a release of the intracellular pool of anatoxin-a into the medium and the adsorption of 92% of the toxin by the plant-after 14 days, the total amount of toxin decreased 3.17 times. Cocultivation with Raphidopsis raciborskii caused a 2.77-time reduction in the concentration of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in comparison to the control (62% of the total pool of CYN was associated with the plant). The greatest toxin limitation was noted for cocultivation with Microcystis aeruginosa. After two weeks, the microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentration decreased more than 310 times. The macrophyte also influenced the growth and development of cyanobacteria cells. Overall, 14 days of cocultivation reduced the biomass of D. flos-aquae, M. aeruginosa, and R. raciborskii by 8, 12, and 3 times, and chlorophyll a concentration in comparison to the control decreased by 17.5, 4.3, and 32.6 times, respectively. Additionally, the macrophyte stabilized the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH values of the water and affected the even uptake of cations and anions from the medium. The obtained results indicate the biotechnological potential of L. trisulca for limiting the development of harmful cyanobacterial blooms and their toxicity.

SUBMITTER: Kucala M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8004190 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic hepatotoxins produced worldwide by various species of cyanobacteria. Their structure includes two variable amino acids (AAs) and most of the studies focused on the most toxic variant: the microcystin LR (MC-LR). However, more than 80 MC variants have been described to date. Despite ingestion being the major pathway of human exposure, few in vivo studies have demonstrated macroscopic effects on the gastro-intestinal tract, but no data are available on the affected pathways by several variants on intestinal cells. Here, using a non-selective method, we investigated for the first time the effect of MC-RR and MC-LR on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 and compared their response at the pangenomic scale. The cells were incubated for 4 hrs or 24 hrs with the same range of sub-lethal concentrations of MC-RR or MC-LR. Low effects were observed for both variants after a short-term exposure. On the contrary, dose-dependent modulations of the genes transcription levels were noticed with MC-RR and MC-LR after 24 hrs. Furthermore, the genomic profiles induced by both variants were similar suggesting a common toxicity mechanism but with higher modulation following MC-LR than MC-RR exposure. However, the functional annotation revealed major differences between the variants effects. Indeed, the well-known MC-LR affected mainly two pathways, the oxidative stress response and the cell cycle regulation, which did not elicit significant alteration following MC-RR exposure. This work is the first comparative description of the MC-LR and MC-RR effects on a human intestinal cell model. It allowed us to suggest differences in the mechanism of toxicity for MC-RR and MC-LR. These results illustrate that the toxicity of MC variants remains a key point for risk assessment. Differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed to microcystins in free FCS culture medium for either 4 or 24 hours. Sub-lethal concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 M-BM-5M of MC-LR or MC-RR were chosen for 4 hours, while 1, 5 and 10 M-BM-5M were selected for 24 hours. For each condition (including the controls), the solvent concentration was fixed to 2% EtOH for MC-LR and 1.5% of 80% MeOH for MC-RR. Four to five culture replicates per condition were done.

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Phytoremediation of CYN, MC-LR and ANTX-a from Water by the Submerged Macrophyte Lemna trisulca.

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