Dataset Information

Prevalence and associated factors of adolescent fatherhood in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis using the 2016 Ethiopian demographic health survey data.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Though the consequences of teenage pregnancy and early motherhood has been studied very well, little is known about the magnitude as well as the determinants of adolescent fatherhood. Unlike adolescent motherhood, limited public health programs are working on adolescent fatherhood. Currently, in developed countries, there is an increased work to acknowledge teen fathers in clinical practice and in the research forum, but still, there are more issues that need to be addressed in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of adolescent fatherhood in Ethiopia based on the nationally representative survey.

Methods

This study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total weighted sample of 4455 adolescent men was included for the final analysis. For the associated factors, multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to consider the hierarchical nature of the EDHS data. Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and deviance (-2LLR) were used for model comparison and for assessing model fitness. The model with the largest adjusted R2, lowest Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) and the smallest cross-validation prediction error were considered as the best-fitted model. In the multivariable analysis, the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were reported to declare the presence of statistically significant factors associated with adolescent fatherhood, and variables with p-value <0.05 were considered as a significant variable.

Results

The prevalence of adolescent fatherhood in Ethiopia was 6.79% [95%CI; 6.08%, 7.56%]. Adolescent men with contraceptive knowledge [AOR = 4.25; 95%CI = 1.23, 14.69], age in 20 to 24 years [AOR = 7.93; 95%CI = 3.66, 17.27] and being Muslim [AOR = 1.84; 95%CI = 1.02, 3.39] were significantly associated with Higher odds of adolescent fatherhood. Individuals who initiate sex lately [AOR = 0.35; 95%CI = 0.22, 0.54], being in female-headed family [AOR = 0.46; 95%CI; 0.26, 0.82] and being from Amhara region [AOR = 0.35; 95%CI = 0.14, 0.84] were significantly associated with lower odds of adolescent fatherhood.

Conclusion

In this study, adolescent fatherhood was a common public health problem in Ethiopia as it is closely linked with poor quality of life and premature death (year of potential life lost). Age of respondent, knowledge of respondent about contraceptive methods, early initiation of sex, religion, sex of household head, and region were significantly associated with adolescent fatherhood. Therefore, program planners and decision-makers should give special attention to adolescent men through enhancing reproductive health services utilization and their knowledge towards it to decrease the incidence of adolescent fatherhood.

SUBMITTER: Worku MG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8006980 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Contraceptive discontinuations for reasons other than the desire for pregnancy are a public health concern because of their negative effect on reproductive health outcomes. In Ethiopia, the contraceptive discontinuation rate is increasing; however the factors associated are poorly understood. So this study was aimed at assessing reasons and multilevel factors for unscheduled contraceptive use discontinuation. METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study of Ethiopian women who participated in the Ethiopian demographic health survey from January 18, 2016, to June 27, 2016. Ever using any contraceptive with in the calendar of the survey were an inclusion criteria for which 3835 women were found eligible. The data were analyzed using multilevel binary logistic regression in STATA version 14. Variables with p-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant, and reported using adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Median odds ratio and interval odds ratio, to quantify the magnitude of the general and specific contextual effect respectively, were used. Receiver operating characteristics curve and akaike's information criterion were used for model comparison. RESULT:The prevalence of unscheduled contraceptive use discontinuation was 46.18% for the principal reason of method related problems (Side effects-45.3%, needing better method-33.6%, and inconvenience-21.1%,). Women heading a household (AOR = 1.281, 95%CI 1.079-1.520), women who had no work (AOR = 0.812, 95%CI 0.673, 0.979) compared to professionals, living in poorest house hold income (AOR = 0.753, 95%CI 0.567, 0.997) compared to middle, residing in community with low contraceptive utilization rate (AOR = 1.945, 95%CI 1.618, 2.339), residing in poor community (AOR = 0.763, 95%CI 0.596-0.997), and having more children, and region were found to be significant predictors of unscheduled contraceptive use discontinuation. CONCLUSION:Method related problems were found to contribute for more than half of the contraceptive use discontinuation. Both individual and community level factors were found to significantly influence the Unscheduled contraceptive use discontinuation. The outcome was common in groups who could have more social interactions and knowledge on which myths and rumors are common. So strengthening the efforts to reduce contraceptive use discontinuation and quality of contraceptive service provision could be important.

Project description:ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the spatial distribution, individual and community-level factors associated with low birth weight in Ethiopia.MethodSecondary data analysis was conducted using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. A total of 2110 neonates were included in this study. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted to assess the spatial clustering of LBW. Besides, the spatial scan statistics and ordinary kriging interpolation were done to detect the local level clusters and to assess predicted risk areas, respectively. Furthermore, a multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to determine individual and community-level factors associated with LBW. Finally, most likely clusters with log-likelihood ratio (LLR), relative risk and p value from spatial scan statistics and adjusted OR (AOR) with 95% CI for multilevel logistic regression model were reported.ResultsLBW was spatially clustered in Ethiopia. Primary (LLR=11.57; p=0.002) clusters were detected in the Amhara region. Neonates within this spatial window had a 2.66 times higher risk of being LBW babies as compared with those outside the window. Besides, secondary (LLR=11.4; p=0.003; LLR=10.14, p=0.0075) clusters were identified at southwest Oromia, north Oromia, south Afar and southeast Amhara regions. Neonates who were born from severely anaemic (AOR=1.40, 95% CI (1.03 to 2.15)), and uneducated (AOR=1.90, 95% CI (1.23 to 2.93)) mothers, those who were born before 37 weeks of gestation (AOR=5.97, 95% CI (3.26 to 10.95)) and women (AOR=1.41, 95% CI (1.05 to 1.89)), had significantly higher odds of being LBW babies.ConclusionThe high-risk areas of LBW were detected in Afar, Amhara and Oromia regions. Therefore, targeting the policy interventions in those hotspot areas and focusing on the improvement of maternal education, strengthening anaemia control programmes and elimination of modifiable causes of prematurity could be vital for reducing the LBW disparity in Ethiopia.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Anemia is a major global public health problem that had tremendous impacts on human health, social and economic development. African countries contribute to the highest-burden of anemia among women, particularly in adolescent females and young women. Anemia among young women remains a public health problem in most parts of Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of anemia among young women in Ethiopia. METHODS:A secondary data analysis was conducted based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total weighted sample of 5796 young women (15-24 years) was included in this study. We employed a multilevel analysis to assess factors associated with anemia since the EDHS has hierarchical nature. Deviance, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Median Odds Ratio (MOR) were used for model comparison as well as for assessing model fitness. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.20 at bivariable multilevel analysis were considered for the multivariable multilevel analysis. In the multivariable multilevel analysis variables with p-value ? 0.05 were declared to be a significant factor associated with anemia, and the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were reported to assess the strength and direction of the association. RESULTS:The overall prevalence of anemia among young women was 21.7% (95%CI = 20.7%, 22.8%). In the multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression analysis; being Muslim religion follower [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.07, 1.70] and being protestant religion follower [AOR = 1.31; 95%CI = 1.01, 1.71], being rural dweller [AOR = 1.34; 95%CI = 1.02, 1.78], and being married [AOR = 1.46; 95%CI = 1.22, 1.74] were significantly associated with higher odds of anemia among young women. While, modern contraceptive use (AOR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.53, 0.83) were significantly associated with lower odds of anemia among young women. CONCLUSION:In this study, the prevalence of anemia among young women was high. Being a follower of Muslim and protestant religions, being married women, modern contraceptive use and being from the rural area were found to be significant determinants of anemia among young women. Therefore, giving special attention to these high-risk groups and distributing modern contraceptives for those in need of it could decrease this devastating public health problem in young women.

Project description:BackgroundUnderweight is one form of indicators of under-nutrition, which results from the poor nutrient intake and underlying health problems. Its impact is beyond an individual and extends to a country level. It has been known from the literature that underweight has a negative effect on income and development of a country. In the context of Ethiopia, factors predicting underweight remain unknown and there is a paucity of evidence on geographical distribution of underweight among individuals aged 15-49 years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of underweight and its associated factors among individuals aged 15-49 years in Ethiopia.MethodsSecondary data analysis was done on a data set consisting of 28,450 individuals and obtained from the Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016. The spatial distribution of underweight across the country was identified by ArcGIS software. Hotspots analysis was done using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic within ArcGIS. In SaTScan software, the Bernoulli model was fitted by Kulldorff's methods to identify the purely spatial clusters of underweight. A binary logistic regression was applied to determine factors associated with being underweight.ResultIn Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of underweight was clustered with Global Moran's I = 0.79 at p-value < 0.0001. The highest underweight clusters were observed in Tigray, Gambella, eastern part of Amhara, and western and central part of Afar regions. Male individuals [AOR = 1.21; 95% CI: (1.15 1.28)], never married [AOR = 1.14; 95% CI: (1.05, 1.24)], rural residents [AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: (1.18, 1.47)], rich [AOR = 0.85; 95% CI: (0.76, 0.94)], cigarette smoking [AOR = 1.25; 95% CI: (1.07, 1.46)], drinking treated water [AOR = 0.91; 95% CI: (0.83, 0.99)] and open filed defecation [AOR = 1.17; 95% CI: (1.08, 1.26)] were found to have a significant association with being underweight.ConclusionsThere was a significant clustering of underweight among individuals aged 15-49 years. Gender, age, marital status, place of residence, wealth index, cigarette smoking, using untreated water and types of toilet were the significant factors of being underweight. Therefore, effective public health interventions like building safe and supportive environments for nutrition, providing socio-economic protection and nutrition-related education for poor and rural resident would be better to mitigate these situations and associated risk factors in hot spot areas. In addition, policymakers should strengthen and promote nutrition sensitive policies and activities in order to alleviate the underlying and basic causes of underweight.

Project description:Background:Underweight is defined as being below the healthy weight range. Underweight in reproductive age group women not only affects women but also increases the risk of an intergenerational cycle of malnutrition and child mortality. Various factors are linked with underweight among women. However, studies on the prevalence of underweight and its associated factors among women are limited in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of underweight and its associated factors among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia. Methods:For this study, data were drawn from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS). From the total, 15,683 women participants of the 2016 EDHS; a subsample of 2,848 participants aged 15-49 years who had a complete response to all variables of interest were selected and utilized for analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software program. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to assess the frequency distribution of underweight and is presented with different sociodemographic characteristics. Logistic regression models were applied for analysis. A two-sided p value of less than 0.05 was used to declare a statistically significant association between the independent variables and underweight among women. Results:The prevalence of underweight among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia was 17.6%. The majority, 78.3% of underweight women, were rural dwellers. The odds of being underweight was higher among the young aged women, among those residing in rural areas, in those with higher educational status, and in those who have one or more children. On the other hand, the odds of underweight among respondents living in Benishangul, SNNPR, and Addis Ababa were less compared to those living in Dire Dawa. Similarly, the odds of underweight among participants with a higher level of husband or partner educational status and among those who chew Khat were less compared to their counterparts. Conclusion:Underweight among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia is still a major public health problem, particularly among rural dwellers. Underweight was significantly associated with different sociodemographic variables. Hence, context-based awareness creation programs need to be designed on the prevention methods of underweight in Ethiopia, giving especial emphasis to those residing in rural areas.

Project description:Background:Early sexual initiation - sexual activity that begun earlier than 18 years of age - is among risky sexual behaviors which may be associated with increased risks of adverse outcomes such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortions. However, there is no nationally representative evidence on early initiation of sexual intercourse and its determinant factors among adolescent females in Ethiopia. Methods:Data were extracted from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) to assess early initiation of sexual intercourse and factors contributing to it in adolescent females. The analysis included a weighted sample of 3881 adolescent females aged 15-19 years. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted and the results were presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence interval (CI), declaring statistical significance at a p-value <0.05 in all analyses. Results:About 1 in 5 (21.9%, 95% CI: 20.5%, 23.33%) adolescent females experienced early sexual debut. Administrative regions (Amhara, AOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.30, 4.09 and Gambella, AOR = 4.89, CI 95%: 1.08, 22.07), religion (Muslim, AOR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.49), substance use (e.g., ever chewed khat, AOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.47, 2.77, ever drunk alcohol, AOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.35, 2.48) and having no knowledge on family planning (AOR = 4.47, 95% CI: 2.22, 8.99) were found to have statistically significant association with early sexual debut in adolescent females. Whereas any levels of formal education decreased the odds of early sexual debut (primary, AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.56; secondary, AOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.28, and higher, AOR= 0.31, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.63). Similarly, all categories of wealth indices as compared to the poorest were protective of early sexual initiation in adolescent females (AOR = 0.40-0.57) as was for education as compared to no education (AOR = 0.19-0.44). Conclusion:A significant proportion of adolescent females initiate early sexual intercourse in Ethiopia and multifaceted factors appear to determine their early sexual experiences. Contextualized interventions including strengthening information, education and communication on adverse consequences of early sexual initiation in regions and improving contraceptive knowledge of teenagers will play a paramount role.

Project description:ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEthiopia.ParticipantsHousehold heads.Primary outcomesAccess to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.MethodsWe conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.ResultsThe proportions of households' access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.ConclusionThe study found that the proportions of households' access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.