SARS-CoV-2 Infection after Vaccination in Health Care Workers in California.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Keehner J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8008750 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Following the approval of COVID-19 vaccination program by EMA and national authorities, an immunization campaign started in Italy with BNT162b2mRNA vaccine, initially focused on healthcare workers. The active immunization was monitored by systemic antibody titration and continuous surveillance was guaranteed by antigenic/molecular tests on swabs. Cases of infection have been recently observed in vaccinated healthcare workers. Herein we describe an outbreak of infection occurring in five physicians out of 656 healthcare workers belonging to a private hospital, referring mild symptoms of COVID-19. Healthcare workers underwent complete vaccination and screening for antibody titration. Five out of 656 healthcare workers were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs and referred mild COVID-19 symptoms. Molecular analyses were carried out to identify possible variants of Spike protein. Their genotyping performed on RNA extracts highlighted the presence of del69/70, N501Y, A570D, and 1841A > G (D614G) sequence variants, all indicative of VOC 202012/01-lineage B.1.1.7, suggesting a common source of infection. These cases might represent a serious emergency because outbreaks can compromise frail patients with important concomitant diseases.
| S-EPMC8898326 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Healthcare workers (HCW) who perform aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) are at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data on infection rates and vaccination are limited. A nationwide, cross-sectional study focusing on AGP-related specialties was conducted between 3 May 2021 and 14 June 2021. Vaccination rates among HCW, perception of infection risk, and infection rates were analyzed, focusing on the comparison of gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) and other AGP-related specialties (NON-GIE), from the beginning of the pandemic until the time point of the study. Infections rates among HCW developed similarly to the general population during the course of the pandemic, however, with significantly higher infections rates among the GIE specialty. The perceived risk of infection was distributed similarly among HCW in GIE and NON-GIE (91.7%, CI: 88.6-94.4 vs. 85.8%, CI: 82.4-89.0; p < 0.01) with strongest perceived threats posed by AGPs (90.8%) and close patient contact (70.1%). The very high vaccination rate (100-80%) among physicians was reported at 83.5%, being significantly more frequently reported than among nurses (56.4%, p < 0.01). GIE had more often stated very high vaccination rate compared with NON-GIE (76.1% vs. 65.3%, p < 0.01). A significantly higher rate of GIE was reported to have fewer concerns regarding infection risk after vaccination than NON-GIE (92.0% vs. 80.3%, p < 0.01).
| S-EPMC9144158 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Individualized antibody reacitivty levels for SARS-CoV-2 antigens were successfully quantified and reactivity classification (Reactive non reactive) was performed based on a logistic regression model. Individuals were tested at several time points including their reactivity before the mRNA vaccination (Pfizer and Moderna), soon after first and second doses and up to 6 months after immunization
2022-04-04 | GSE199668 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundThe relationship between the presence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the risk of subsequent reinfection remains unclear.MethodsWe investigated the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in seropositive and seronegative health care workers attending testing of asymptomatic and symptomatic staff at Oxford University Hospitals in the United Kingdom. Baseline antibody status was determined by anti-spike (primary analysis) and anti-nucleocapsid IgG assays, and staff members were followed for up to 31 weeks. We estimated the relative incidence of PCR-positive test results and new symptomatic infection according to antibody status, adjusting for age, participant-reported gender, and changes in incidence over time.ResultsA total of 12,541 health care workers participated and had anti-spike IgG measured; 11,364 were followed up after negative antibody results and 1265 after positive results, including 88 in whom seroconversion occurred during follow-up. A total of 223 anti-spike-seronegative health care workers had a positive PCR test (1.09 per 10,000 days at risk), 100 during screening while they were asymptomatic and 123 while symptomatic, whereas 2 anti-spike-seropositive health care workers had a positive PCR test (0.13 per 10,000 days at risk), and both workers were asymptomatic when tested (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.44; P?=?0.002). There were no symptomatic infections in workers with anti-spike antibodies. Rate ratios were similar when the anti-nucleocapsid IgG assay was used alone or in combination with the anti-spike IgG assay to determine baseline status.ConclusionsThe presence of positive anti-spike or anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was associated with a substantially reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the ensuing 6 months. (Funded by the U.K. Government Department of Health and Social Care and others.).
| S-EPMC7781098 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Vaccines may induce positive non-specific immune responses to other pathogens. This study aims to evaluate if influenza vaccination in the 2019-2020 season had any effect on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infection in a cohort of health workers. During the first SARS-CoV-2 epidemic wave in Spain, between March and May 2020, a cohort of 11,201 health workers was highly tested by RT-qPCR and/or rapid antibody test when the infection was suspected. Later in June, 8665 of them were tested for total antibodies in serum. A total of 890 (7.9%) health workers were laboratory-confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 infection by any type of test, while no case of influenza was detected. The adjusted odds ratio between 2019-2020 influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infection was the same (1.07; 95% CI, 0.92-1.24) in both comparisons of positive testers with all others (cohort design) and with negative testers (test-negative design). Among symptomatic patients tested by RT-qPCR, the comparison of positive cases and negative controls showed an adjusted odds ratio of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.68-1.08). These results suggest that influenza vaccination does not significantly modify the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The development of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is urgent.
| S-EPMC7712321 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic in Italy has been characterized by three waves of infection during 2020. Vaccination of healthcare workers started in January 2021, earlier than that of other population groups. The main aim of this study is to compare the spread of the pandemic between HCW and the general population focusing on potential effects of the vaccination.MethodsThe study consisted of a retrospective analysis of results of RT-PCR tests performed between 6 March 2020 and 4 April 2021 among HCWs from Bologna, Italy, and those of the general population of Emilia Romagna region. We calculated the crude proportion of positive RT-PCR tests over total tests and the crude prevalence of positive test in population; then, we conducted joinpoint analyses using the Joinpoint Regression Program of the National Cancer Institute.ResultsThe results of the joinpoint analysis show that both φ and ψ ratio indicators have a similar pattern, with a sharp increase during the early phase of the pandemic, and a strong decrease at the end of the first wave around week 15. In both indicators there are no significant changes in the trend after week 25. Pandemic spread among HCWs appeared earlier than in the general population, but it otherwise appeared to have comparable features. A decline in infection was apparent among HCWs after vaccination.ConclusionsSurveillance of HCWs would inform on the epidemic in the general population. The apparent effectiveness of the anti-SarsCoV2 vaccine will likely occur in the general population.
| S-EPMC8759054 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC7347344 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Nicaraguan COVID-19 situation is exceptional for Central America. The government restricts testing and testing supplies, and the true extent of the coronavirus crisis remains unknown. Dozens of deaths have been reported among health-care workers. However, statistics on the crisis' effect on health-care workers and their risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 are lacking. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health-care workers and to examine correlations with risk factors such as age, sex and comorbidities. Study participants (N = 402, median age 38.48 years) included physicians, nurses and medical assistants, from public and private hospitals, independent of symptom presentation. SARS-CoV-2 was detected on saliva samples using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. A questionnaire was employed to determine subjects' COVID-19-associated symptoms and their vulnerability to complications from risk factors such as age, sex, professional role and comorbidities. The study was performed five weeks into the exponential growth period in Nicaragua. We discovered that 30.35% of health-care workers participating in our study had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. A large percentage (54.92%) of those who tested positive were asymptomatic and were still treating patients. Nearly 50% of health-care workers who tested positive were under 40, an astonishing 30.33% reported having at least one comorbidity. In our study, sex and age are important risk factors for the probability of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 with significance being greatest among those between 30 and 40 years of age. In general, being male resulted in higher risk. Our data are the first non-governmental data obtained in Nicaragua. They shed light on several important aspects of COVID-19 in an underdeveloped nation whose government has implemented a herd-immunity strategy, while lacking an adequate healthcare system and sufficient PPE for health-care workers. These data are important for creating policies for containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
| S-EPMC7840011 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to answer the following question 'What are the worldwide prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated factors among oral health-care workers (OHCWs) before vaccination?'MethodsSeven databases and registers as well as three grey databases were searched for observational studies in the field. Paired reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality. Overall seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed using a random-effect model subgrouped by professional category. Meta-regression was used to explore whether the Human Development Index (HDI) influenced the heterogeneity of results. The associated factors were narratively evaluated, and the certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.ResultsSeventeen studies were included (five cohorts and twelve cross-sectional studies), summing 73 935 participants (54 585 dentists and 19 350 dental assistants/technicians) from 14 countries. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among OHCWs was 9.3% (95% CI, 5.0%-14.7%; I2 = 100%, p < .01), being 9.5% for dentists (95% CI, 5.1%-15.0%; I2 = 100%, p < .01) and 11.6% for dental assistants/technicians (95% CI, 1.6%-27.4%; I2 = 99.0%, p < .01). In the meta-regression, countries with lower HDI showed higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = .002). Age, comorbidities, gender, ethnicity, occupation, smoking, living in areas of greater deprivation, job role and location/municipalities, income and protective measures in dental settings were associated with positive serological SARS-CoV-2 test, with very low certainty of evidence.ConclusionsThe SARS-CoV-2 virus infected 9.3% of the OHCWs evaluated worldwide before vaccination. OHCWs should be included in policy considerations, continued research, monitoring and surveillance (PROSPERO CRD42021246520).
| S-EPMC9880752 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has been hypothesized to reduce severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severity, and/or duration via trained immunity induction. Health care workers (HCWs) in nine Dutch hospitals were randomized to BCG or placebo vaccination (1:1) in March and April 2020 and followed for 1 year. They reported daily symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 test results, and health care-seeking behavior via a smartphone application, and they donated blood for SARS-CoV-2 serology at two time points. A total of 1,511 HCWs were randomized and 1,309 analyzed (665 BCG and 644 placebo). Of the 298 infections detected during the trial, 74 were detected by serology only. The SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates were 0.25 and 0.26 per person-year in the BCG and placebo groups, respectively (incidence rate ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 1.21; P = 0.732). Only three participants required hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2. The proportions of participants with asymptomatic, mild, or moderate infections and the mean infection durations did not differ between randomization groups. In addition, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models showed no differences between BCG and placebo vaccination for any of these outcomes. The percentage of participants with seroconversion (7.8% versus 2.8%; P = 0.006) and mean SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 antibody concentration (13.1 versus 4.3 IU/mL; P = 0.023) were higher in the BCG than placebo group at 3 months but not at 6 or 12 months postvaccination. BCG vaccination of HCWs did not reduce SARS-CoV-2 infections nor infection duration or severity (ranging from asymptomatic to moderate). In the first 3 months after vaccination, BCG vaccination may enhance SARS-CoV-2 antibody production during SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE While several BCG trials in adults were conducted during the 2019 coronavirus disease epidemic, our data set is the most comprehensive to date, because we included serologically confirmed infections in addition to self-reported positive SARS-CoV-2 test results. We also collected data on symptoms for every day during the 1-year follow-up period, which enabled us to characterize infections in detail. We found that BCG vaccination did not reduce SARS-CoV-2 infections nor infection duration or severity but may have enhanced SARS-CoV-2 antibody production during SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first 3 months after vaccination. These results are in agreement with other BCG trials that reported negative results (but did not use serological endpoints), except for two trials in Greece and India that reported positive results but had few endpoints and included endpoints that were not laboratory confirmed. The enhanced antibody production is in agreement with prior mechanistic studies but did not translate into protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| S-EPMC10128007 | biostudies-literature