Scaling up effective treatment of hypertension-A pathfinder for universal health coverage.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Frieden TR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8030517 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Universal health coverage is essential for the progress to end threats of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic. The current review assesses the publication rate, strategies and barriers for antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, equity, quality of care, and financial protection. We searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Of the available articles, 43.13% were on ART coverage, 40.28% were on financial protection, 10.43% were on quality of care, and 6.16% were on equity. A lack of ART, fear of unwanted disclosure, lack of transportation, unaffordable health care costs, long waiting time to receive care, and poverty were barriers to ART coverage. Catastrophic health care costs were higher among individuals who were living in rural settings, walked greater distances to reach health care institutions, had a lower socioeconomic status, and were immunocompromised. There were challenges to the provision of quality of care, including health care providers' inadequate salary, high workload and inadequate health workforce, inappropriate infrastructure, lack of training opportunities, unclear division of responsibility, and the presence of strict auditing. In conclusion, ART coverage was below the global average, and key populations were disproportionally less covered with ART in most countries. Huge catastrophic health expenditures were observed. UHC contexts of ART will be improved by reaching people with poor socioeconomic status, delivering appropriate services, establishing a proper health workforce and service stewardship.
| S-EPMC9844463 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background Quality of health service delivery data remains sub-optimal in many Low and middle-income countries (LMICs) despite over a decade of progress in digitization and Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) improvements. Identifying everyone residing in a country utilizing universal civil registration and/or national unique identification number systems especially for vulnerable patients seeking care within the care continuum is an essential part of pursuing universal health coverage (UHC). Many different strategies or candidate digital technologies exist for uniquely identifying and tracking patients within a health system, and the different strategies also have their advantages and trade-offs. The recent approval of Decentralized identifier (DID) core specification by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) heralds the search for consensus on standard interoperable DID methods. Objective This paper aims to: (1) assess how candidate Patient Identification Systems fit the digital Patient ID desirable attributes framework in literature; and (2) use insights from Nigeria to propose the scale-up of an offline, interoperable decentralized Patient ID generation and a matching model for addressing network reliability challenges of centralized electronic registries in LMICs. Methods We combined: (i) systematic review of the literature to identify the characteristics of leading candidates for Patient ID systems, with (ii) review of policies and (iii) quantitative survey of 14 general hospitals in Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory to understand the model(s) of patient ID strategies currently implemented by public hospitals. Results Evidence from the literature review and quantitative survey showed that no current Patient ID strategy in Nigeria simultaneously meets the six attributes of uniqueness, unchanging, uncontroversial, inexpensive, ubiquitous, and uncomplicated required for ensuring the reliability of unique patient identification systems and of the HMIS more generally. Conclusions The findings are used to propose a model of algorithms for universal-offline Patient ID generation and matching models that is cost effective and can be easily scaled-up throughout Nigeria. The prototype has promise for generating and validating a universally unique Patient ID given a set of patient characteristics without a central rigid authority. The model can also help to fast-track the implementation of a Master Patient Index (MPI) and interoperability of existing digital health platforms in LMICs.
| S-EPMC9489848 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo define and demonstrate effective cataract surgical coverage (eCSC), a candidate UHC indicator that combines a coverage measure (cataract surgical coverage, CSC) with quality (post-operative visual outcome).MethodsAll Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) surveys with datasets on the online RAAB Repository on April 1 2016 were downloaded. The most recent study from each country was included. By country, cataract surgical outcome (CSOGood, 6/18 or better; CSOPoor, worse than 6/60), CSC (operated cataract as a proportion of operable plus operated cataract) and eCSC (operated cataract and a good outcome as a proportion of operable plus operated cataract) were calculated. The association between CSC and CSO was assessed by linear regression. Gender inequality in CSC and eCSC was calculated.FindingsDatasets from 20 countries were included (2005-2013; 67,337 participants; 5,474 cataract surgeries). Median CSC was 53.7% (inter-quartile range[IQR] 46.1-66.6%), CSOGood was 58.9% (IQR 53.7-67.6%) and CSOPoor was 17.7% (IQR 11.3-21.1%). Coverage and quality of cataract surgery were moderately associated-every 1% CSC increase was associated with a 0.46% CSOGood increase and 0.28% CSOPoor decrease. Median eCSC was 36.7% (IQR 30.2-50.6%), approximately one-third lower than the median CSC. Women tended to fare worse than men, and gender inequality was slightly higher for eCSC (4.6% IQR 0.5-7.1%) than for CSC (median 2.3% IQR -1.5-11.6%).ConclusioneCSC allows monitoring of quality in conjunction with coverage of cataract surgery. In the surveys analysed, on average 36.7% of people who could benefit from cataract surgery had undergone surgery and obtained a good visual outcome.
| S-EPMC5382971 | biostudies-literature
Project description:UnlabelledWe investigate the scalability of the temperature- and electric field-dependence of the conductivity of disordered organic semiconductors to 'universal' curves by two different but commonly employed methods; by so-called universal scaling and by using the effective temperature concept. Experimentally both scaling methods were found to be equally applicable to the out-of-plane charge transport inPedotPSS thin films of various compositions. Both methods are shown to be equivalent in terms of functional dependence and to have identical limiting behavior. The experimentally observed scaling behavior can be reproduced by a numerical nearest-neighbor hopping model, accounting for the Coulomb interaction, the high charge carrier concentration and the energetic disorder. The underlying physics can be captured in a simple empirical model, describing the effective temperature of the charge carrier distribution as the outcome of a heat balance between Joule heating and (effective) temperature-dependent energy loss to the lattice.
| S-EPMC4652272 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Universal health coverage requires adequate and sustainable resourcing, which includes human capital, finance and infrastructure for its realization and sustainability. Well-functioning health systems enable health service delivery and therefore need to be either adequately or optimally geared-prepared and equipped-for service delivery to advance universal health coverage. Adequately geared health systems have sufficient capacity and capability per resourcing levels whereas optimally geared health systems achieve the best possible capacity and capability per resourcing levels. Adequately or optimally geared health systems help to mitigate health system constraints, challenges and inefficiencies. Effective, efficient, equitable, robust, resilient and responsive health systems are elements for implementing and realizing universal health coverage and are embedded and aligned to a global people-centric health strategy. These elements build, enhance and sustain health systems to advance universal health coverage. Effective and efficient health systems encompass continuous improvement and high performance for providing quality healthcare. Robust and resilient health systems provide a supportive and enabling environment for health service delivery. Responsive and equitable health systems prioritize people and access to healthcare. Efforts should be made to design, construct, re-define, refine and optimize health systems that are effective, efficient, equitable, robust, resilient and responsive to deliver decent quality healthcare for all.
| S-EPMC10552266 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesEffective coverage (EC) is a measure of health systems' performance that combines need, use and quality indicators. This study aimed to assess the extent to which the Kenyan health system provides effective and equitable maternal and child health services, as a means of tracking the country's progress towards universal health coverage.Methods and resultsThe Demographic Health Surveys (2003, 2008-2009 and 2014) and Service Provision Assessment surveys (2004, 2010) were the main sources of data. Indicators of need, use and quality for eight maternal and child health interventions were aggregated across interventions and economic quintiles to compute EC. EC has increased from 26.7% in 2003 to 50.9% in 2014, but remains low for the majority of interventions. There is a reduction in economic inequalities in EC with the highest to lowest wealth quintile ratio decreasing from 2.41 in 2003 to 1.65 in 2014, but maternal health services remain highly inequitable.ConclusionsEffective coverage of key maternal and child health services remains low, indicating that individuals are not receiving the maximum possible health gain from existing health services. There is an urgent need to focus on the quality and reach of maternal and child health services in Kenya to achieve the goals of universal health coverage.
| S-EPMC5396138 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC7159295 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Monitoring universal health coverage (UHC) focuses on information on health intervention coverage and financial protection. This paper addresses monitoring intervention coverage, related to the full spectrum of UHC, including health promotion and disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliation. A comprehensive core set of indicators most relevant to the country situation should be monitored on a regular basis as part of health progress and systems performance assessment for all countries. UHC monitoring should be embedded in a broad results framework for the country health system, but focus on indicators related to the coverage of interventions that most directly reflect the results of UHC investments and strategies in each country. A set of tracer coverage indicators can be selected, divided into two groups-promotion/prevention, and treatment/care-as illustrated in this paper. Disaggregation of the indicators by the main equity stratifiers is critical to monitor progress in all population groups. Targets need to be set in accordance with baselines, historical rate of progress, and measurement considerations. Critical measurement gaps also exist, especially for treatment indicators, covering issues such as mental health, injuries, chronic conditions, surgical interventions, rehabilitation, and palliation. Consequently, further research and proxy indicators need to be used in the interim. Ideally, indicators should include a quality of intervention dimension. For some interventions, use of a single indicator is feasible, such as management of hypertension; but in many areas additional indicators are needed to capture quality of service provision. The monitoring of UHC has significant implications for health information systems. Major data gaps will need to be filled. At a minimum, countries will need to administer regular household health surveys with biological and clinical data collection. Countries will also need to improve the production of reliable, comprehensive, and timely health facility data. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
| S-EPMC4171108 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo assess the relation between autocratisation-substantial decreases in democratic traits (free and fair elections, freedom of civil and political association, and freedom of expression)-and countries' population health outcomes and progress toward universal health coverage (UHC).DesignSynthetic control analysis.Setting and country selectionGlobal sample of countries for all years from 1989 to 2019, split into two categories: 17 treatment countries that started autocratising during 2000 to 2010, and 119 control countries that never autocratised from 1989 to 2019. The treatment countries comprised low and middle income nations and represent all world regions except North America and western Europe. A weighted combination of control countries was used to construct synthetic controls for each treatment country. This statistical method is especially well suited to population level studies when random assignment is infeasible and sufficiently similar comparators are not available. The method was originally developed in economics and political science to assess the impact of policies and events, and it is now increasingly used in epidemiology.Main outcome measuresHIV-free life expectancy at age 5 years, UHC effective coverage index (0-100 point scale), and out-of-pocket spending on health per capita. All outcome variables are for the period 1989 to 2019.ResultsAutocratising countries underperformed for all three outcome variables in the 10 years after the onset of autocratisation, despite some improvements in life expectancy, UHC effective coverage index, and out-of-pocket spending on health. On average, HIV-free life expectancy at age 5 years increased by 2.2% (from 64.7 to 66.1 years) during the 10 years after the onset of autocratisation. This study estimated that it would have increased by 3.5% (95% confidence interval 3.3% to 3.6%, P<0.001) (from 64.7 to 66.9 years) in the absence of autocratisation. On average, the UHC effective coverage index increased by 11.9% (from 42.5 to 47.6 points) during the 10 years after the onset of autocratisation. This study estimated that it would have increased by 20.2% (95% confidence interval 19.6% to 21.2%, P<0.001) (from 42.5 to 51.1 points) in the absence of autocratisation. Finally, on average, out-of-pocket spending on health per capita increased by 10.0% (from $4.00 (£3.1; €3.4) to $4.4, log transformed) during the 10 years after the onset of autocratisation. This study estimated that it would have increased by only 4.4% (95% confidence interval 3.9% to 4.6%, P<0.001) (from $4.0 to $4.2, log transformed) in the absence of autocratisation.ConclusionsAutocratising countries had worse than estimated life expectancy, effective health service coverage, and levels of out-of-pocket spending on health. These results suggest that the noticeable increase in the number of countries that are experiencing democratic erosion in recent years is hindering population health gains and progress toward UHC. Global health institutions will need to adjust their policy recommendations and activities to obtain the best possible results in those countries with a diminishing democratic incentive to provide quality healthcare to populations.
| S-EPMC7582133 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The information that people need to protect and manage their own health and the health of those for whom they are responsible is a fundamental element of an effective people-centred healthcare system. Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires universal access to essential health information. While it was recently recognised by the World Medical Association, universal access to essential health information is not yet reflected in official monitoring of progress on UHC for the sustainable development goals (SDGs). In this paper, we outline key features that characterise universal access to essential health information and indicate how it is increasingly achievable. We highlight the growing evidence of the impact of wider access to practical and actionable information on health for the public, carers and frontline health workers and provide illustrative, evidence-based, examples of how increasing access to essential health information can accelerate the achievement of UHC and other health targets of the SDGs. The paper ends with an assessment of reasons why universal access to essential health information has not yet been achieved, and an associated call to action to key stakeholders-such as governments, multilaterals, funding bodies, policy-makers, health professionals and knowledge intermediaries-to explicitly recognise the foundational role of universal access to essential health information for achieving UHC and the rest of the health SDGs, to include it in the relevant SDG target and associated monitoring indicators, and to incorporate actions in their own policies and programmes to promote and enable this access.
| S-EPMC7245367 | biostudies-literature