Strike one hundred to educate one: Measuring the efficacy of collective sanctions experimentally.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Chapkovski P
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8031421 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:PurposeThe impact of incarceration on health is well known. Yet, most studies measure incarceration alone and miss additional exposure to the criminal legal system over time. We evaluated adult criminal legal sanctions - inclusive of arrests, charges, probation, incarceration - from ages 18-35 and inequities by juvenile sanctions and race.MethodsUsing the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth 1997, a nationally representative data set of adolescents followed into their mid-thirties (1997-2017), we calculated the mean cumulative count, or the average number of criminal legal events per person per study visit, stratified by juvenile sanctions and race.ResultsOf 7024 participants, 1679 experienced 3,075 encounters. There were seven arrests, 30 charges, nine probation encounters, and 13 incarceration events /100 participants by age 35. Juvenile sanctions were most common for Black individuals. Among those experiencing juvenile sanctions, Black and White individuals had similar numbers of encounters, but Black individuals had more arrests and incarceration stays. For those without juvenile encounters, Black individuals had more encounters than White individuals.ConclusionsResearch on health effects of criminal legal sanctions must consider encounters beyond incarceration and focus on life course trajectories and racial inequities.
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Project description:Spatial assessments of historical climate change provide information that can be used by scientists to analyze climate variation over time and evaluate, for example, its effects on biodiversity, in order to focus their research and conservation efforts. Despite the fact that there are global climatic databases available at high spatial resolution, they represent a short temporal window that impedes evaluating historical changes of climate and their impacts on biodiversity. To fill this gap, we developed climate gridded surfaces for Mexico for three periods that cover most of the 20th and early 21st centuries: t1-1940 (1910-1949), t2-1970 (1950-1979) and t3-2000 (1980-2009), and used these interpolated surfaces to describe how climate has changed over time, both countrywide and in its 19 biogeographic provinces. Results from our characterization of climate change indicate that the mean annual temperature has increased by nearly 0.2°C on average across the whole country from t2-1970 to t3-2000. However, changes have not been spatially uniform: Nearctic provinces in the north have suffered higher temperature increases than southern tropical regions. Central and southern provinces cooled at the beginning of the 20th century but warmed consistently since the 1970s. Precipitation increased between t1-1940 and t2-1970 across the country, more notably in the northern provinces, and it decreased between t2-1970 and t3-2000 in most of the country. Results on the historical climate conditions in Mexico may be useful for climate change analyses for both environmental and social sciences. Nonetheless, our climatology was based on information from climate stations for which 9.4-36.2% presented inhomogeneities over time probably owing to non-climatic factors, and climate station density changed over time. Therefore, the estimated changes observed in our analysis need to be interpreted cautiously.
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Project description:In the last decade, it has become evident that RNA is frequently found in DNA. It is now well established that single embedded ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) are primarily introduced by DNA polymerases and that longer stretches of RNA can anneal to DNA, generating RNA:DNA hybrids. Among them, the most studied are R-loops, peculiar three-stranded nucleic acid structures formed upon the re-hybridization of a transcript to its template DNA. In addition, polyribonucleotide chains are synthesized to allow DNA replication priming, double-strand breaks repair, and may as well result from the direct incorporation of consecutive rNMPs by DNA polymerases. The bright side of RNA into DNA is that it contributes to regulating different physiological functions. The dark side, however, is that persistent RNA compromises genome integrity and genome stability. For these reasons, the characterization of all these structures has been under growing investigation. In this review, we discussed the origin of single and multiple ribonucleotides in the genome and in the DNA of organelles, focusing on situations where the aberrant processing of RNA:DNA hybrids may result in multiple rNMPs embedded in DNA. We concluded by providing an overview of the currently available strategies to study the presence of single and multiple ribonucleotides in DNA in vivo.
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Project description:A species discovery and description pipeline to accelerate and improve taxonomy is outlined, relying on concise expert descriptions, combined with DNA sequencing, digital imaging, and automated wiki species page creation from the journal. One hundred and one new species of Trigonopterus Fauvel, 1862 are described to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach: Trigonopterus aeneipennis sp. n., Trigonopterus aeneus sp. n., Trigonopterus agathis sp. n., Trigonopterus agilis sp. n., Trigonopterus amplipennis sp. n., Trigonopterus ancoruncus sp. n., Trigonopterus angulatus sp. n., Trigonopterus angustus sp. n., Trigonopterus apicalis sp. n., Trigonopterus armatus sp. n., Trigonopterus ascendens sp. n., Trigonopterus augur sp. n., Trigonopterus balimensis sp. n., Trigonopterus basalis sp. n., Trigonopterus conformis sp. n., Trigonopterus constrictus sp. n., Trigonopterus costatus sp. n., Trigonopterus costicollis sp. n., Trigonopterus crassicornis sp. n., Trigonopterus cuneipennis sp. n., Trigonopterus cyclopensis sp. n., Trigonopterus dentirostris sp. n., Trigonopterus discoidalis sp. n., Trigonopterus dromedarius sp. n., Trigonopterus durus sp. n., Trigonopterus echinus sp. n., Trigonopterus edaphus sp. n., Trigonopterus eremitus sp. n., Trigonopterus euops sp. n., Trigonopterus ferrugineus sp. n., Trigonopterus fusiformis sp. n., Trigonopterus glaber sp. n., Trigonopterus gonatoceros sp. n., Trigonopterus granum sp. n., Trigonopterus helios sp. n., Trigonopterus hitoloorum sp. n., Trigonopterus imitatus sp. n., Trigonopterus inflatus sp. n., Trigonopterus insularis sp. n., Trigonopterus irregularis sp. n., Trigonopterus ixodiformis sp. n., Trigonopterus kanawiorum sp. n., Trigonopterus katayoi sp. n., Trigonopterus koveorum sp. n., Trigonopterus kurulu sp. n., Trigonopterus lekiorum sp. n., Trigonopterus lineatus sp. n., Trigonopterus lineellus sp. n., Trigonopterus maculatus sp. n., Trigonopterus mimicus sp. n., Trigonopterus monticola sp. n., Trigonopterus montivagus sp. n., Trigonopterus moreaorum sp. n., Trigonopterus myops sp. n., Trigonopterus nangiorum sp. n., Trigonopterus nothofagorum sp. n., Trigonopterus ovatus sp. n., Trigonopterus oviformis sp. n., Trigonopterus parumsquamosus sp. n., Trigonopterus parvulus sp. n., Trigonopterus phoenix sp. n., Trigonopterus plicicollis sp. n., Trigonopterus politoides sp. n., Trigonopterus pseudogranum sp. n., Trigonopterus pseudonasutus sp. n., Trigonopterus ptolycoides sp. n., Trigonopterus punctulatus sp. n., Trigonopterus ragaorum sp. n., Trigonopterus rhinoceros sp. n., Trigonopterus rhomboidalis sp. n., Trigonopterus rubiginosus sp. n., Trigonopterus rubripennis sp. n., Trigonopterus rufibasis sp. n., Trigonopterus scabrosus sp. n., Trigonopterus scissops sp. n., Trigonopterus scharfi sp. n., Trigonopterus signicollis sp. n., Trigonopterus simulans sp. n., Trigonopterus soiorum sp. n., T sordidus sp. n., Trigonopterus squamirostris sp. n., Trigonopterus striatus sp. n., Trigonopterus strigatus sp. n., Trigonopterus strombosceroides sp. n., Trigonopterus subglabratus sp. n., Trigonopterus sulcatus sp. n., Trigonopterus taenzleri sp. n., Trigonopterus talpa sp. n., Trigonopterus taurekaorum sp. n., Trigonopterus tialeorum sp. n., Trigonopterus tibialis sp. n., Trigonopterus tridentatus sp. n., Trigonopterus uniformis sp. n., Trigonopterus variabilis sp. n., Trigonopterus velaris sp. n., Trigonopterus verrucosus sp. n., Trigonopterus violaceus sp. n., Trigonopterus viridescens sp. n., Trigonopterus wamenaensis sp. n., Trigonopterus wariorum sp. n., Trigonopterus zygops sp. n.. All new species are authored by the taxonomist-in-charge, Alexander Riedel.
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Project description:BackgroundDue to scientific and technical advancements in the field, published hypertension research has developed substantially during the last decade. Given the amount of scientific material published in this field, identifying the relevant information is difficult. We used topic modeling, which is a strong approach for extracting useful information from enormous amounts of unstructured text.ObjectiveThis study aims to use a machine learning algorithm to uncover hidden topics and subtopics from 100 years of peer-reviewed hypertension publications and identify temporal trends.MethodsThe titles and abstracts of hypertension papers indexed in PubMed were examined. We used the latent Dirichlet allocation model to select 20 primary subjects and then ran a trend analysis to see how popular they were over time.ResultsWe gathered 581,750 hypertension-related research articles from 1900 to 2018 and divided them into 20 topics. These topics were broadly categorized as preclinical, epidemiology, complications, and therapy studies. Topic 2 (evidence review) and topic 19 (major cardiovascular events) are the key (hot topics). Most of the cardiopulmonary disease subtopics show little variation over time, and only make a small contribution in terms of proportions. The majority of the articles (414,206/581,750; 71.2%) had a negative valency, followed by positive (119, 841/581,750; 20.6%) and neutral valency (47,704/581,750; 8.2%). Between 1980 and 2000, negative sentiment articles fell somewhat, while positive and neutral sentiment articles climbed substantially.ConclusionsThe number of publications has been increasing exponentially over the period. Most of the uncovered topics can be grouped into four categories (ie, preclinical, epidemiology, complications, and treatment-related studies).
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Project description:It has been one and a half centuries since Enrico Sertoli published the seminal discovery of the testicular 'nurse cell', not only a key cell in the testis, but indeed one of the most amazing cells in the vertebrate body. In this review, we begin by examining the three phases of morphological research that have occurred in the study of Sertoli cells, because microscopic anatomy was essentially the only scientific discipline available for about the first 75 years after the discovery. Biochemistry and molecular biology then changed all of biological sciences, including our understanding of the functions of Sertoli cells. Immunology and stem cell biology were not even topics of science in 1865, but they have now become major issues in our appreciation of Sertoli cell's role in spermatogenesis. We end with the universal importance and plasticity of function by comparing Sertoli cells in fish, amphibians, and mammals. In these various classes of vertebrates, Sertoli cells have quite different modes of proliferation and epithelial maintenance, cystic vs. tubular formation, yet accomplish essentially the same function but in strikingly different ways.
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Project description:Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) was first described by Dr. Charles Hunter in 1917. Since then, about one hundred years have passed and Hunter syndrome, although at first neglected for a few decades and afterwards mistaken for a long time for the similar disorder Hurler syndrome, has been clearly distinguished as a specific disease since 1978, when the distinct genetic causes of the two disorders were finally identified. MPS II is a rare genetic disorder, recently described as presenting an incidence rate ranging from 0.38 to 1.09 per 100,000 live male births, and it is the only X-linked-inherited mucopolysaccharidosis. The complex disease is due to a deficit of the lysosomal hydrolase iduronate 2-sulphatase, which is a crucial enzyme in the stepwise degradation of heparan and dermatan sulphate. This contributes to a heavy clinical phenotype involving most organ-systems, including the brain, in at least two-thirds of cases. In this review, we will summarize the history of the disease during this century through clinical and laboratory evaluations that allowed its definition, its correct diagnosis, a partial comprehension of its pathogenesis, and the proposition of therapeutic protocols. We will also highlight the main open issues related to the possible inclusion of MPS II in newborn screenings, the comprehension of brain pathogenesis, and treatment of the neurological compartment.
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Project description:The genus Trigonopterus Fauvel, 1862 is highly diverse in Melanesia, the Moluccas, and the Sunda Islands. Only one species, Trigonopterusfulvicornis (Pascoe, 1885) was so far recorded from Sulawesi. Based on focused field-work the fauna from Sulawesi and nearby islands is here revised. We redescribe T.allotopus Riedel newly recorded for Sulawesi and describe an additional 103 new species: T.abnormis sp. n., T.adspersus sp. n., T.ambangensis sp. n., T.ampanensis sp. n., T.analis sp. n., T.arachnobas sp. n., T.armipes sp. n., T.artemis sp. n., T.asterix sp. n., T.barbipes sp. n., T.bonthainensis sp. n., T.carinirostris sp. n., T.castaneipennis sp. n., T.celebensis sp. n., T.cirripes sp. n., T.collaris sp. n., T.costatulus sp. n., T.curvipes sp. n., T.crenulatus sp. n., T.cricki sp. n., T.darwini sp. n., T.ejaculatorius sp. n., T.fuscipes sp. n., T.gracilipes sp. n., T.heberti sp. n., T.hirsutus sp. n., T.humilis sp. n., T.hypocrita sp. n., T.idefix sp. n., T.impressicollis sp. n., T.incendium sp. n., T.incognitus sp. n., T.indigenus sp. n., T.inhonestus sp. n., T.invalidus sp. n., T.jasminae sp. n., T.klabatensis sp. n., T.kolakensis sp. n., T.kotamobagensis sp. n., T.laevigatus sp. n., T.lampros sp. n., T.latipennis sp. n., T.lompobattangensis sp. n., T.luwukensis sp. n., T.mahawuensis sp. n., T.manadensis sp. n., T.mangkutanensis sp. n., T.matalibaruensis sp. n., T.mesai sp. n., T.minahassae sp. n., T.moatensis sp. n., T.modoindingensis sp. n., T.nanus sp. n., T.nitidulus sp. n., T.obelix sp. n., T.ovalipunctatus sp. n., T.ovatulus sp. n., T.pagaranganensis sp. n., T.palopensis sp. n., T.paracollaris sp. n., T.pauper sp. n., T.pendolensis sp. n., T.posoensis sp. n., T.prismae sp. n., T.procurtus sp. n., T.pseudallotopus sp. n., T.pseudanalis, sp. n., T.pseudovatulus sp. n., T.pseudovalipunctatus sp. n., T.pseudofulvicornis sp. n., T.pseudomanadensis sp. n., T.pseudosimulans sp. n., T.pumilus sp. n., T.rantepao sp. n., T.reticulatus sp. n., T.rhombiformis sp. n., T.rotundatus sp. n., T.rotundulus sp. n., T.rudis sp. n., T.rufipes sp. n., T.sampunensis sp. n., T.sampuragensis sp. n., T.satyrus sp. n., T.scabripes sp. n., T.scaphiformis sp. n., T.scitulus sp. n., T.selayarensis sp. n., T.serripes sp. n., T.seticnemis sp. n., T.silvicola sp. n., T.squalidulus sp. n., T.sulawesiensis sp. n., T.suturatus sp. n., T.tatorensis sp. n., T.tenuipes sp. n., T.tomohonensis sp. n., T.toraja sp. n., T.vicinus sp. n., T.viduus sp. n., T.volcanorum sp. n., T.wangiwangiensis sp. n., T.watsoni sp. n., and T.yoda sp. n. All new species are authored by the taxonomist-in-charge, Alexander Riedel.
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Project description:One of the most defining features of cancer is aberrant cell communication; therefore, a molecular understanding of the intricate network established among tumor cells and their microenvironment could significantly improve comprehension and clinical management of cancer. The tumor suppressor DAB2IP (Disabled homolog 2 interacting protein), also known as AIP1 (ASK1 interacting protein), has an important role in this context, as it modulates signal transduction by multiple inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. DAB2IP is a Ras-GAP, and negatively controls Ras-dependent mitogenic signals. In addition, acting as a signaling adaptor, DAB2IP modulates other key oncogenic pathways, including TNFα/NF-κB, WNT/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and androgen receptors. Therefore, DAB2IP inactivation can provide a selective advantage to tumors initiated by a variety of driver mutations. In line with this role, DAB2IP expression is frequently impaired by methylation in cancer. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that tumor cells can employ other sophisticated mechanisms to disable DAB2IP at the post-transcriptional level. We review the mechanisms and consequences of DAB2IP inactivation in cancer, with the purpose to support and improve research aimed to counteract such mechanisms. We suggest that DAB2IP reactivation in cancer cells could be a strategy to coordinately dampen multiple oncogenic pathways, potentially limiting progression of a wide spectrum of tumors.
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