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Molecular mechanisms detected in yak lung tissue via transcriptome-wide analysis provide insights into adaptation to high altitudes.

ABSTRACT: Due to their long-term colonization of and widespread distribution in plateau environments, yaks can serve as an ideal natural animal model for the adaptive evolution of other plateau species, including humans. Some studies reported that the lung and heart are two key organs that show adaptive transcriptional changes in response to high altitudes, and most of the genes that show differential expression in lung tissue across different altitudes display nonlinear regulation. To explore the molecular mechanisms that are activated in yak lung tissue in response to hypoxia, the mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs of lung tissue from 9 yaks living at three different altitudes (3400 m, 4200 m and 5000 m), with three repetitions per altitude, were sequenced. Two Zaosheng cattle from 1500 m were selected as low-altitude control. A total of 21,764 mRNAs, 14,168 lncRNAs and 1209 miRNAs (305 known and 904 novel miRNAs) were identified. In a comparison of yaks and cattle, 4975 mRNAs, 3326 lncRNAs and 75 miRNAs were differentially expressed. A total of 756 mRNAs, 346 lncRNAs and 83 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed among yaks living at three different altitudes (fold change ≥ 2 and P-value < 0.05). The differentially expressed genes between yaks and cattle were functionally enriched in long-chain fatty acid metabolic process and protein processing, while the differentially expressed genes among yaks living at three different altitudes were enriched in immune response and the cell cycle. Furthermore, competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were investigated to illustrate the roles of ceRNAs in this process, the result was also support the GO and KEGG analysis. The present research provides important genomic insights for discovering the mechanisms that are activated in response to hypoxia in yak lung tissue.

SUBMITTER: Ge Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8032655 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Sinonovacula constricta is an economically important bivalve species in China, Korea and Japan. It widely resides in estuarine and coastal areas where salinity fluctuates rapidly. However, little is known about its adaptation mechanisms to acute salt stresses. To address this, we establish nine cDNA libraries (triplicate each treatment) from juvenile S. constricta, which were subjected to low salinity (5 psu), optimal salinity (15 psu, the control) and high salinity (25 psu) for 6 h, respectively. Illumina sequencing generated 478,587,310 clean reads totally, which were assembled into 427,057 transcripts of 246,672 unigenes. Compared with the control, 1259 and 2163 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under acute low and high salt stresses, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs suggested that several key metabolic modulations were mainly responsible for the acute salt stresses. Based on the significantly highlighted KEGG pathways, some key DEGs were identified and discussed in details, including cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase, alanine transaminase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, nitric-oxide synthase, arginase, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, serine racemase, L-serine ammonia-lyase, phosphoserine phosphatase, glutamate 5-kinase, glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase, ornithine decarboxylase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, serine/threonine-protein kinase, NF-kappa-B, NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and carbohydrate response element binding protein. Furthermore, some potential osmolytes were speculated. In summary, this study would not only provide insights into the adaptation mechanisms to acute salt stresses in juvenile S. constricta, but also facilitate to better understand the physical and biochemical performances of this bivalve species involved in acute salt stresses. Moreover, the transcriptome data obtained here greatly enriched the genetic information of S. constricta, which would be valuable for promoting its molecular biology researches.

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Molecular mechanisms detected in yak lung tissue via transcriptome-wide analysis provide insights into adaptation to high altitudes.

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