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Socioeconomic Status and Parental Lifestyle Are Associated With Vascular Phenotype in Children.

ABSTRACT: Background/Aims: Socioeconomic barriers and lifestyle conditions affect development of cardiovascular disease in adults, but little is known about the association of parental lifestyle and education with childhood health. We aimed to investigate the association of socioeconomic status (SES), migration background, parental physical activity (PA) and smoking status with micro-and macrovascular health in children. Methods: In 2016/2017, 833 school children (aged 7.2 ± 0.4 years) in Basel (Switzerland) were screened for retinal arteriolar-to-venular ratio (AVR), pulse wave velocity (PWV), SES, migration background and parental PA as well as smoking status. Results: High parental PA levels were associated with a favorable higher AVR (p = 0.020) and lower PWV (p = 0.035), but not independent of parental smoking status. Children with parents who smoked had a higher PWV [4.39 (4.35-4.42) m/s] compared to children with non-smoking parents [4.32 (4.29-4.34) m/s, p = 0.001]. Children of parents with a low household income had a higher PWV [4.36 (4.32-4.41) m/s] compared to children of parents with a high household income [4.30 (4.26-4.34) m/s, p = 0.033]. Low parental educational level was associated with a lower AVR [0.86 (0.85-0.88)] compared to children with highly educated parents [AVR:0.88 (0.87-0.88), p = 0.007; PWV: 4.33 (4.30-4.35) m/s, p = 0.041]. Children with a European background showed a higher AVR [0.88 (0.87-0.88)] compared to non-European children [AVR: (0.86 (0.85-0.87), p = 0.034]. Conclusion: Parental PA is associated with better macro- and microvascular childhood health. However, the positive association is lost when parental smoking is considered in the analysis. Socioeconomic factors seem to associate with subclinical vascular alterations in children. Primary prevention programs should focus on including parental lifestyle interventions and educational programs to reduce the burden of lifestyle-associated barriers in order to improve cardiovascular health during lifespan. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Exercise and Arterial Modulation in Youth, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02853747, NCT02853747.

SUBMITTER: Kochli S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8032988 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:ImportanceCombining information on polygenic risk scores (PRSs) with other known risk factors could potentially improve the identification of risk of depression in the general population. However, to our knowledge, no study has estimated the association of PRS with the absolute risk of depression, and few have examined combinations of the PRS and other important risk factors, including parental history of psychiatric disorders and socioeconomic status (SES), in the identification of depression risk.ObjectiveTo assess the individual and joint associations of PRS, parental history, and SES with relative and absolute risk of early-onset depression.Design, setting, and participantsThis case-cohort study included participants from the iPSYCH2012 sample, a case-cohort sample of all singletons born in Denmark between May 1, 1981, and December 31, 2005. Hazard ratios (HRs) and absolute risks were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression for case-cohort designs.ExposuresThe PRS for depression; SES measured using maternal educational level, maternal marital status, and paternal employment; and parental history of psychiatric disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, other mood or psychotic disorders, and other psychiatric diagnoses).Main outcomes and measuresHospital-based diagnosis of depression from inpatient, outpatient, or emergency settings.ResultsParticipants included 17 098 patients with depression (11 748 [68.7%] female) and 18 582 (9429 [50.7%] male) individuals randomly selected from the base population. The PRS, parental history, and lower SES were all significantly associated with increased risk of depression, with HRs ranging from 1.32 (95% CI, 1.29-1.35) per 1-SD increase in PRS to 2.23 (95% CI, 1.81-2.64) for maternal history of mood or psychotic disorders. Fully adjusted models had similar effect sizes, suggesting that these risk factors do not confound one another. Absolute risk of depression by the age of 30 years differed substantially, depending on an individual's combination of risk factors, ranging from 1.0% (95% CI, 0.1%-2.0%) among men with high SES in the bottom 2% of the PRS distribution to 23.7% (95% CI, 16.6%-30.2%) among women in the top 2% of PRS distribution with a parental history of psychiatric disorders.Conclusions and relevanceThis study suggests that current PRSs for depression are not more likely to be associated with major depressive disorder than are other known risk factors; however, they may be useful for the identification of risk in conjunction with other risk factors.

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Socioeconomic Status and Parental Lifestyle Are Associated With Vascular Phenotype in Children.

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