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Adenovirus Terminal Protein Contains a Bipartite Nuclear Localisation Signal Essential for Its Import into the Nucleus.

ABSTRACT: Adenoviruses contain dsDNA covalently linked to a terminal protein (TP) at the 5'end. TP plays a pivotal role in replication and long-lasting infectivity. TP has been reported to contain a nuclear localisation signal (NLS) that facilitates its import into the nucleus. We studied the potential NLS motifs within TP using molecular and cellular biology techniques to identify the motifs needed for optimum nuclear import. We used confocal imaging microscopy to monitor the localisation and nuclear association of GFP fusion proteins. We identified two nuclear localisation signals, PV(R)6VP and MRRRR, that are essential for fully efficient TP nuclear entry in transfected cells. To study TP-host interactions further, we expressed TP in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Nuclear uptake of purified protein was determined in digitonin-permeabilised cells. The data confirmed that nuclear uptake of TP requires active transport using energy and shuttling factors. This mechanism of nuclear transport was confirmed when expressed TP was microinjected into living cells. Finally, we uncovered the nature of TP binding to host nuclear shuttling proteins, revealing selective binding to Imp β, and a complex of Imp α/β but not Imp α alone. TP translocation to the nucleus could be inhibited using selective inhibitors of importins. Our results show that the bipartite NLS is required for fully efficient TP entry into the nucleus and suggest that this translocation can be carried out by binding to Imp β or Imp α/β. This work forms the biochemical foundation for future work determining the involvement of TP in nuclear delivery of adenovirus DNA.

SUBMITTER: Al-Wassiti HA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8036708 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), a class IIa deacetylase, is a prominent regulator of cellular and epigenetic processes that underlie the progression of human disease, ranging from cardiac hypertrophy to cancer. Although it is established that phosphorylation mediates 14-3-3 protein binding and provides the essential link between HDAC5 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and transcriptional repression, thus far only four phospho-acceptor sites have been functionally characterized. Here, using a combinatorial proteomics approach and phosphomutant screening, we present the first evidence that HDAC5 has at least 17 in vivo phosphorylation sites within functional domains, including Ser278 and Ser279 within the nuclear localization signal (NLS), Ser1108 within the nuclear export signal, and Ser755 in deacetylase domain. Global and targeted MS/MS analyses of NLS peptides demonstrated the presence of single (Ser278 and Ser279) and double (Ser278/Ser279) phosphorylations. The double S278/279A mutation showed reduced association with HDAC3, slightly decreased deacetylation activity, and significantly increased cytoplasmic localization compared with wild type HDAC5, whereas the S278A and S1108A phosphomutants were not altered. Live cell imaging revealed a deficiency in nuclear import of S278/279A HDAC5. Phosphomutant stable cell lines confirmed the cellular redistribution of NLS mutants and revealed a more pronounced cytoplasmic localization for the single S279A mutant. Proteomic analysis of immunoisolated S278/279A, S279A, and S259/498A mutants linked altered cellular localization to changes in protein interactions. S278/279A and S279A HDAC5 showed reduced association with the NCoR-HDAC3 nuclear corepressor complex as well as protein kinase D enzymes, which were potentiated in the S259/498A mutant. These results provide the first link between phosphorylation outside the known 14-3-3 sites and downstream changes in protein interactions. Together these studies identify Ser279 as a critical phosphorylation within the NLS involved in the nuclear import of HDAC5, providing a regulatory point in nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling that may be conserved in other class IIa HDACs-HDAC4 and HDAC9.

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Adenovirus Terminal Protein Contains a Bipartite Nuclear Localisation Signal Essential for Its Import into the Nucleus.

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