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GmCCD4 controls carotenoid content in soybeans.

ABSTRACT: To better understand the mechanisms regulating plant carotenoid metabolism in staple crop, we report the map-based cloning and functional characterization of the Glycine max carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (GmCCD4) gene, which encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase enzyme involved in metabolizing carotenoids into volatile β-ionone. Loss of GmCCD4 protein function in four Glycine max increased carotenoid content (gmicc) mutants resulted in yellow flowers due to excessive accumulation of carotenoids in flower petals. The carotenoid contents also increase three times in gmicc1 seeds. A genome-wide association study indicated that the GmCCD4 locus was one major locus associated with carotenoid content in natural population. Further analysis indicated that the haplotype-1 of GmCCD4 gene was positively associated with higher carotenoid levels in soybean cultivars and accumulated more β-carotene in engineered E. coli with ectopic expression of different GmCCD4 haplotypes. These observations uncovered that GmCCD4 was a negative regulator of carotenoid content in soybean, and its various haplotypes provide useful resources for future soybean breeding practice.

SUBMITTER: Gao J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8051601 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Plant carotenoids have been implicated in preventing several age-related diseases, and they also provide vitamin A precursors; therefore, increasing the content of carotenoids in maize grains is of great interest. It is not well understood, however, how the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is regulated. Fortunately, the maize germplasm exhibits a high degree of genetic diversity that can be exploited for this purpose. Here, the accumulation of carotenoids and the expression of genes from carotenoid metabolic and catabolic pathways were investigated in several maize landraces. The carotenoid content in grains varied from 10.03, in the white variety MC5, to 61.50 μg·g⁻¹, in the yellow-to-orange variety MC3, and the major carotenoids detected were lutein and zeaxanthin. PSY1 (phythoene synthase) expression showed a positive correlation with the total carotenoid content. Additionally, the PSY1 and HYD3 (ferredoxin-dependent di-iron monooxygenase) expression levels were positively correlated with β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, while CYP97C (cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase) expression did not correlate with any of the carotenoids. In contrast, ZmCCD1 (carotenoid dioxygenase) was more highly expressed at the beginning of grain development, as well as in the white variety, and its expression was inversely correlated with the accumulation of several carotenoids, suggesting that CCD1 is also an important enzyme to be considered when attempting to improve the carotenoid content in maize. The MC27 and MC1 varieties showed the highest HYD3/CYP97C ratios, suggesting that they are promising candidates for increasing the zeaxanthin content; in contrast, MC14 and MC7 showed low HYD3/CYP97C, suggesting that they may be useful in biofortification efforts aimed at promoting the accumulation of provitamin A. The results of this study demonstrate the use of maize germplasm to provide insight into the regulation of genes involved in the carotenoid pathway, which would thus better enable us to select promising varieties for biofortification efforts.

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GmCCD4 controls carotenoid content in soybeans.

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