Long-Term Exposure to Ambient PM2.5 and Increased Risk of CKD Prevalence in China.
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ABSTRACT: Background
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary diseases. However, the association between PM2.5 and risk of CKD remains under-recognized, especially in regions with high levels of PM2.5, such as China.Methods
To explore the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and CKD prevalence in China, we used data from the China National Survey of CKD, which included a representative sample of 47,204 adults. We estimated annual exposure to PM2.5 before the survey date at each participant's address, using a validated, satellite-based, spatiotemporal model with a 10 km×10 km resolution. Participants with eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or albuminuria were defined as having CKD. We used a logistic regression model to estimate the association and analyzed the influence of potential modifiers.Results
The 2-year mean PM2.5 concentration was 57.4 μg/m3, with a range from 31.3 to 87.5 μg/m3. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was positively associated with CKD prevalence (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 1.35) and albuminuria (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.47). Effect modification indicated these associations were significantly stronger in urban areas compared with rural areas, in males compared with females, in participants aged <65 years compared with participants aged ≥65 years, and in participants without comorbid diseases compared with those with comorbidities.Conclusions
These findings regarding the relationship between long-term exposure to high ambient PM2.5 levels and CKD in the general Chinese population provide important evidence for policy makers and public health practices to reduce the CKD risk posed by this pollutant.
SUBMITTER: Li G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8054885 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundAccumulated researches revealed that both fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and sunlight exposure may be a risk factor for obesity, while researches regarding the potential effect modification by sunlight exposure on the relationship between PM2.5 and obesity are limited. We aim to investigate whether the effect of PM2.5 on obesity is affected by sunlight exposure among the general population in China.MethodsA sample of 47,204 adults in China was included. Obesity and abdominal obesity were assessed based on body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, respectively. The five-year exposure to PM2.5 and sunlight were accessed using the multi-source satellite products and a geochemical transport model. The relationship between PM2.5, sunshine duration, and the obesity or abdominal obesity risk was evaluated using the general additive model.ResultsThe proportion of obesity and abdominal obesity was 12.6% and 26.8%, respectively. Levels of long-term PM2.5 ranged from 13.2 to 72.1 μg/m3 with the mean of 46.6 μg/m3. Each 10 μg/m3 rise in PM2.5 was related to a higher obesity risk [OR 1.12 (95% CI 1.09-1.14)] and abdominal obesity [OR 1.10 (95% CI 1.07-1.13)]. The association between PM2.5 and obesity varied according to sunshine duration, with the highest ORs of 1.56 (95% CI 1.28-1.91) for obesity and 1.66 (95% CI 1.34-2.07) for abdominal obesity in the bottom quartile of sunlight exposure (3.21-5.34 hours/day).ConclusionLong-term PM2.5 effect on obesity risk among the general Chinese population are influenced by sunlight exposure. More attention might be paid to reduce the adverse impacts of exposure to air pollution under short sunshine duration conditions.
| S-EPMC8777285 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Evidence is still limited for the role of long-term PM2.5 exposure in cerebrovascular diseases among residents in high pollution regions. The study is aimed to investigate the long-term effects of PM2.5 exposure on stroke mortality, and further explore the effect modification of temperature variation on the PM2.5-mortality association in northern China. Based on a cohort data with an average follow-up of 9.8 years among 38,435 urban adults, high-resolution estimates of PM2.5 derived from a satellite-based model were assigned to each participant. A Cox regression model with time-varying exposures and strata of geographic regions was employed to assess the risks of stroke mortality associated with PM2.5, after adjusting for individual risk factors. The cross-product term of PM2.5 exposure and annual temperature range was further added into the regression model to test whether the long-term temperature variation would modify the association of PM2.5 with stroke mortality. Among the study participants, the annual mean level of PM2.5 concentration was 66.3 μg/m3 ranging from 39.0 μg/m3 to 100.6 μg/m3. For each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.04-1.65) for stroke mortality after multivariable adjustment. In addition, the HRs of PM2.5 decreased gradually as the increase of annual temperature range with the HRs of 1.95 (95% CI: 1.36-2.81), 1.53 (95% CI: 1.06-2.22), and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.75-1.63) in the low, middle, and high group of annual temperature range, respectively. The findings provided further evidence of long-term PM2.5 exposure on stroke mortality in high-exposure settings such as northern China, and also highlighted the view that assessing the adverse health effects of air pollution might not ignore the role of temperature variations in the context of climate change.
| S-EPMC8150861 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fine-particulate pollution is a major public health concern in China. Accurate assessment of the population exposed to PM2.5 requires high-resolution pollution and population information. This paper assesses China's potential population exposure to PM2.5, maps its spatiotemporal variability, and simulates the effects of the recent air pollution control policy. We relate satellite-based Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrievals to ground-based PM2.5 observations. We employ block cokriging (BCK) to improve the spatial interpolation of PM2.5 distribution. We use the subdistrict level population data to estimate and map the potential population exposure to PM2.5 pollution in China at the subdistrict level, the smallest administrative unit with public demographic information. During 8 April 2013 and 7 April 2014, China's population-weighted annual average PM2.5 concentration was nearly 7 times the annual average level suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). About 1322 million people, or 98.6% of the total population, were exposed to PM2.5 at levels above WHO's daily guideline for longer than half a year. If China can achieve its Action Plan on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution targets by 2017, the population exposed to PM2.5 above China's daily standard for longer than half a year will be reduced by 85%.
| S-EPMC6313548 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionLong-term exposure to ambient air pollution is related to major cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and overweight, but with few studies in high-concentration nations like China so far. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm, PM2.5) and major cardiovascular risk factors in China.MethodsAdult participants with selected biochemical tests were recruited from the Chinese Physiological Constant and Health Condition (CPCHC) survey conducted from 2007 to 2011. Gridded PM2.5 data used were derived from satellite-observed data with adjustment of ground-observed data. District-level PM2.5 data were generated to estimate the association using multivariate logistic regression model and generalized additive model.ResultsA total of 19,236 participants from the CPCHC survey were included with an average age of 42.8 ± 16.1 years, of which nearly half were male (47.0%). The annual average PM2.5 exposure before the CPCHC survey was 33.4 (14.8-53.4) μg/m3, ranging from 8.0 μg/m3 (Xiwuqi) to 94.7 μg/m3 (Chengdu). Elevated PM2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio (OR) =1.022, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.001, 1.043) and decreased prevalence of overweight (OR = 0.926, 95%CI: 0.910, 0.942). Education significantly interacted with PM2.5 in association with all the interesting risk factors. Each 10 μg/m3 increment of PM2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of diabetes (OR = 1.118, 95%CI: 1.037, 1.206), hypertension (OR = 1.101, 95%CI: 1.056, 1.147), overweight (OR = 1.071, 95%CI: 1.030, 1.114) in participants with poor education, but not in well-educated population. PM2.5 exposure was negatively associated with hyperlipidemia in all participants (OR = 0.939, 95%CI: 0.921, 0.957). The results were robust in all the sensitivity analyses.ConclusionAssociation between long-term PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular risk factors might be modified by education. PM2.5 was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight in a less-educated population with time-expose dependency. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 might be associated with a lower prevalence of hyperlipidemia.
| S-EPMC8662859 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionIn recent years, air pollution caused by co-occurring PM2.5 and O3, named combined air pollution (CAP), has been observed in Beijing, China, although the health effects of CAP on population mortality are unclear.MethodsWe employed Poisson generalized additive models (GAMs) to evaluate the individual and joint effects of PM2.5 and O3 on mortality (nonaccidental, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality) in Beijing, China, during the whole period (2014-2016) and the CAP period. Adverse health effects were assessed for percentage increases (%) in the three mortality categories with each 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and O3. The cumulative risk index (CRI) was adopted as a novel approach to quantify the joint effects.ResultsThe results suggested that both PM2.5 and O3 exhibited the greatest individual effects on the three mortality categories with cumulative lag day 01. Increases in the nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality categories were 0.32%, 0.36%, and 0.43% for PM2.5 (lag day 01) and 0.22%, 0.37%, and 0.25% for O3 (lag day 01), respectively. There were remarkably synergistic interactions between PM2.5 and O3 on the three mortality categories. The study showed that the combined effects of PM2.5 and O3 on nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were 0.34%, 0.43%, and 0.46%, respectively, during the whole period and 0.58%, 0.79%, and 0.75%, respectively, during the CAP period. Our findings suggest that combined exposure to PM2.5 and O3, particularly during CAP periods, could further exacerbate their single-pollutant health risks.ConclusionThese findings provide essential scientific evidence for the possible creation and implementation of environmental protection strategies by policymakers.
| S-EPMC10441666 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Evidence of associations between exposure to ambient air pollution and health outcomes are sparse in the South Asian region due to limited air pollution exposure and quality health data. This study investigated the potential impacts of ambient particulate matter (PM) on respiratory disease hospitalization in Kandy, Sri Lanka for the year 2019. The Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was applied to estimate the short-term effect of ambient PM on respiratory disease hospitalization. As the second analysis, respiratory disease hospitalizations during two distinct air pollution periods were analyzed. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in same-day exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with an increased risk of respiratory disease hospitalization by 1.95% (0.25, 3.67) and 1.63% (0.16, 3.12), respectively. The effect of PM2.5 or PM10 on asthma hospitalizations were 4.67% (1.23, 8.23) and 4.04% (1.06, 7.11), respectively (p < 0.05). The 65+ years age group had a higher risk associated with PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and hospital admissions for all respiratory diseases on the same day (2.74% and 2.28%, respectively). Compared to the lower ambient air pollution period, higher increased hospital admissions were observed among those aged above 65 years, males, and COPD and pneumonia hospital admissions during the high ambient air pollution period. Active efforts are crucial to improve ambient air quality in this region to reduce the health effects.
| S-EPMC8466407 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAir pollutants, particularly fine particulate matters (PM2.5) have been associated with mental disorder such as depression. Clean air policy (CAP, i.e., a series of emission-control actions) has been shown to reduce the public health burden of air pollutions. There were few studies on the health effects of CAP on mental health, particularly, in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We investigated the association between a stringent CAP and depressive symptoms among general adults in China.MethodsWe used three waves (2011, 2013 and 2015) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a prospective nationwide cohort of the middle-aged and older population in China. We assessed exposure to PM2.5 through a satellite-retrieved dataset. We implemented a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, under the quasi-experimental framework of the temporal contrast between 2011 (before the CAP) and 2015 (after the CAP), to evaluate the effect of CAP on depressive symptoms. The association was further explored using a mixed-effects model of the three waves. To increase the interpretability, the estimated impact of PM2.5 was compared to that of aging, an established risk factor for depression.FindingsOur analysis included 15,954 participants. In the DID model, we found a 10-µg/m3 reduction of PM2.5 concentration was associated with a 4.14% (95% CI: 0.41-8.00%) decrement in the depressive score. The estimate was similar to that from the mixed-effects model (3.63% [95% CI, 2.00-5.27%]). We also found improved air quality during 2011-2015 offset the negative impact from 5-years' aging.InterpretationThe findings suggest that implementing CAP may improve mental wellbeing of adults in China and other LMICs.
| S-EPMC8315430 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundStudies suggested that PM2.5 exposure could lead to adverse reproductive effects on male animals. However, the underlying mechanism is still not clear. Besides, animals in the majority of previous studies were exposed to PM2.5 through intratracheal instillation which should be improved. In addition, limited amount of research has been conducted in China where the PM2.5 concentration is higher and the PM2.5 components are different. The aim of this work is to explore the effects of concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) on mice sperm quality and testosterone biosynthesis.MethodsA total of 12 male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or CAP for 125 days using the Shanghai Meteorological and Environmental Animal Exposure System. The mice sperm concentration, sperm motility, DNA fragmentation index, high DNA stainability and plasma testosterone were analyzed. Testicular histology and sperm morphology were observed through optical microscope. Testosterone biosynthesis related gene expressions were analyzed using real-time PCR, including cytochrome P450 CHOL side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 3?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3? HSD), 17?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom), estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR).ResultsExposure to CAP resulted in disturbance of various stages of spermatogenesis and significant higher percentage of abnormal sperm (FA vs. CAP: 24.37% vs. 44.83%) in mice testis. CAP exposure significantly decreased sperm concentration (43.00 × 106 vs. 25.33 × 106) and motility (PR: 63.58% vs. 55.15%; PR + NP: 84.00% vs. 77.08%) in epididymis. Plasma testosterone concentration were significantly declined (0.28 ng/ml vs. 0.69 ng/ml) under CAP exposure. Notably, the levels of testosterone biosynthesis related genes, StAR, P450scc, P450arom, ER and FSHR were significantly decreased with CAP exposure.ConclusionConcentrated ambient PM2.5 exposure altered mice sperm concentration, motility and morphology, which might be mediated primarily by the decline in testosterone concentration and testosterone biosynthesis process.
| S-EPMC6885350 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Direct residential and transportation energy consumption (RTC) contributes significantly to ambient fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in China. During massive rural-urban migration, population and pollutant emissions from RTC have evolved in terms of magnitude and geographic distribution, which was thought to worsen PM2.5 levels in cities but has not been quantitatively addressed. We quantify the temporal trends and spatial patterns of migration to cities and evaluate their associated pollutant emissions from RTC and subsequent health impact from 1980 to 2030. We show that, despite increased urban RTC emissions due to migration, the net effect of migration in China has been a reduction of PM2.5 exposure, primarily because of an unequal distribution of RTC energy mixes between urban and rural areas. After migration, people have switched to cleaner fuel types, which considerably lessened regional emissions. Consequently, the national average PM2.5 exposure concentration in 2010 was reduced by 3.9 μg/m3 (90% confidence interval, 3.0 to 5.4 μg/m3) due to migration, corresponding to an annual reduction of 36,000 (19,000 to 47,000) premature deaths. This reduction was the result of an increase in deaths by 142,000 (78,000 to 181,000) due to migrants swarming into cities and decreases in deaths by 148,000 (76,000 to 194,000) and 29,000 (15,000 to 39,000) due to transitions to a cleaner energy mix and lower urban population densities, respectively. Locally, however, megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai experienced increases in PM2.5 exposure associated with migration because these cities received massive immigration, which has driven a large increase in local emissions.
| S-EPMC5517109 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe concentration-response relationship between mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has not been fully elucidated, especially at high levels of PM2.5 concentrations.ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate chronic effects of ambient PM2.5 exposure on deaths among Chinese adults in high-exposure settings.MethodsParticipants of the Prediction for Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Risk in China (China-PAR) project were included from four prospective cohorts among Chinese adults aged ≥18 years old. The overall follow-up rate of the four cohorts was 93.4% until the recent follow-up survey that ended in 2015. The average of satellite-based PM2.5 concentrations during 2000-2015 at 1-km spatial resolution was assigned to each participant according to individual residence addresses. Based on the pooled analysis of individual data from the four cohorts, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association of PM2.5 exposure with mortality after multivariate adjustment.ResultsA total of 116,821 participants were eligible in the final analysis. During a mean of 7.7 years of follow-up, 6,395 non-accidental deaths and 2,507 cardio-metabolic deaths occurred. The mean of PM2.5 concentration was 64.9 μg/m3 ranging from 31.2 μg/m3 to 97.0 μg/m3. For each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5, the HR was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.08-1.14) for non-accidental mortality and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.16-1.27) for cardio-metabolic mortality. In addition, a weak exponential curve for the concentration-response association between mortality and PM2.5 was observed among Chinese adults.ConclusionsOur study provided important evidence of the long-term effects of PM2.5 exposure on deaths among Chinese adults. The findings expand our knowledge on concentration-response relationship in high-exposure environments, which is essential to address the urgent challenge of reducing the disease burden attributable to PM2.5 exposure in rapidly industrializing countries such as China.
| S-EPMC8164211 | biostudies-literature