Dataset Information

Impact of knowledge, attitude, and practice on iodized salt consumption at the household level in selected coastal regions of Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Iodine deficiency disorder is one of the major hidden hunger for poverty-stricken coastal rural areas of Bangladesh. Despite various programs, including universal salt iodization, IDD is significantly persistent due to poverty, inadequate knowledge, poor attitude, and practice of iodized salt consumption. The present study aimed to determine iodine concentration in salt at the household level as well as the magnitude of knowledge, attitude, and practice related to iodized salt utilization and iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs).

Material and method

A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out using multistage sampling among 400 households in four coastal districts in Bangladesh. A standard pretested questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards iodized salt consumption. The iodine level was measured using the gold standard iodometric titration technique in the collected salt samples from the selected households.

Result

The study results revealed that almost half of the participants had good knowledge regarding a balanced diet, whereas the positive attitude and practice of balanced diet consumption was relatively low (only 16.2% and 11.3%, respectively). The respondents' education profile and age were strongly correlated with knowledge and attitude; however, the practice was not significantly correlated with age and education. The concentration of iodine in salt at household levels was strongly associated with the practice of using iodized salt. Use of adequate iodized salt was 2.838 times (OR: 2.838, 95% CI: 1.7-4.735) and 3.884 times (OR: 3.884, 95%CI: 2.029-7.433) more likely to have a positive attitude and good practice towards iodized salt and IDDs respectively.

Conclusion

Proper knowledge about iodized salt and IDDs should be introduced to all public education premises levels. Interventions and programs can be formulated to enhance knowledge, attitude, and practice at the household level so that the consumption of adequate iodized salt can be ensured to reduce iodine deficiency problems.

SUBMITTER: Habib MA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8055562 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Similar Datasets

Project description:Introduction:Adequate iodine fortified salt is the most common and effective method of preventing iodine deficiency. Studies showed households using iodized salt (15 Parts Per Million (PPM) to 80 PPM) of iodine at household level were low in Tigray region and other regions of Ethiopia. Limited studies have conducted on utilization of iodized salt at the household level and none of them did not addressed on factors affecting to proper iodized salt utilization. The aim of this study was to determine the iodine concentration in the collected salt samples, adequately iodized salt consumption coverage and identify factors affecting to proper iodized salt utilization amongst the households of Northern Ethiopia. Methods:Community based cross-sectional designs on selected 318 household food caterers were interviewed and salt samples were accordingly collected. Data was analyzed by the SAS-9.2 statistical software package. The iodine concentrations of the salt samples were determined by using the golden standard iodometric titration technique. Logistic Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) statistical analysis method was used to assess factors affecting proper iodized salt utilization at household level. Results:Adequately iodized salt coverage among the households was only 51 (17.5%). About 42 (14.38%) had 15?ppm (ppm) - 80?ppm, 9 (3.08%) had >?80?ppm, 188 (64.4%) had 1.1?ppm to 14.9?ppm and 53 (18.2%) had no iodine in the salt (0?ppm). Only 26 (8.9%) of the households had used iodized salt properly. Family size with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) (0.82) and 95%CI [0.67, 0.92], residency of the household with AOR (2.83) and 95%CI [1.48, 5.40], the availability of iodized salt with AOR (3.90) and 95% CI [1.74, 8.7] and affordability to iodized salt with AOR (3.33) and 95% CI [1.41, 7.34] was strong predictors to proper iodized salt utilization. Conclusions:Coverage of adequately iodized salt was low. Family size, residency, availability and affordability of iodized salt were the predictors of proper iodized salt utilization. To enhance USI utilization effective inspection and regulatory measures should be taken to prevent the production and distribution of under/ over iodized salt in the market.

Project description:Background: Globally, iodine deficiency has been drastically reduced since the introduction of salt iodization programs; nonetheless, many populations remain at-risk for iodine deficiency. This study aimed to assess the iodine status among women of reproductive age in Uzbekistan and to identify factors associated with iodine deficiency, including the availability of adequately iodized salt at the household level. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted to produce region-specific estimates of the household coverage with adequately iodized salt and iodine status among women for each of the 14 regions in Uzbekistan. Other information, such as socioeconomic status, lactation and pregnancy, residence, age, and consumption of iodine supplements, was also collected. Results: Overall, 36% of 3413 households had adequately iodized salt (iodine concentration >15 ppm [parts per million (mg I/kg salt)]), 20% had inadequately iodized salt (5-14 ppm), and 44% had salt without detectable iodine (<5 ppm). Adequate iodization was found in 33.2% of the 2626 salt samples taken from retail packages labeled as "iodized," 36.5% of the 96 samples taken from retail packages without mention of iodization, and 50.5% of the 674 samples without the original packaging (p < 0.001). The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of 140.9 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI 132.4-150.7]) in nonpregnant nonlactating women indicated adequate iodine status, while for nonpregnant lactating and pregnant women, the median UIC of 112.9 μg/L [CI 99.3-128.4] and 117.3 μg/L [CI 101.8-139.9], respectively, indicated borderline adequacy. Significant differences in UIC (p < 0.001) were found between nonpregnant nonlactating women living in households with adequately iodized salt (UIC 208.9 μg/L), inadequately iodized salt (UIC 139.1 μg/L), and noniodized salt (UIC 89.9 μg/L). Conclusions: Coverage with adequately iodized salt is low in Uzbekistan, and women in households with poorly iodized salt have substantially worse iodine status; claims on packaging about salt iodization do not reflect salt iodine content. This highlights the importance and effectiveness of salt iodization and the need to strengthen this program in Uzbekistan.

Project description:BackgroundIodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a global, regional, and national public health problem that is preventable. Universal salt iodization is a worldwide accepted strategy to prevent IDD. The level of iodine in the salt should be adequate at the household level (≥15ppm). Though there was fragmented evidence on the proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level in Ethiopia, the national level proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was remaining unknown. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level in Ethiopia from 2013-2020.MethodWe systematically searched the databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct for studies conducted in Ethiopia on the availability of adequately iodized salt at the household level since 2013. We have included observational studies, which were published between January first, 2013, and 10 August 2020. The report was compiled according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of included studies was scored based on the Newcastle Ottawa quality assessment scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. The data were extracted in Microsoft excel and analyzed using Stata version 14.1 software. We employed a random-effects model to estimate the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level in Ethiopia. The presence of statistical heterogeneity within the included studies was evaluated using the I-squared statistic. We used Egger's regression test to identify evidence of publication bias. The pooled proportion with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was presented using tables and forest plots.ResultsWe screened a total of 195 articles. Of these, 28 studies (with 15561 households) were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. In Ethiopia, the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was 37% (95% CI: 28, 46%). The subgroup analyses of 28 studies by residence revealed that the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was 32% (95% CI: 29, 35%) and 48% (95% CI: 31, 66%) in rural and urban areas, respectively. Based on geographic location, the highest proportion was found in Addis Ababa (81%; 95%CI: 78, 83), and the lowest proportion found in Dire Dawa (20%; 95%CI: 17, 22). Besides, the proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was significantly increased during 2017-2020 (42%; 95% CI: 30, 53%) as compared with 2013-2016 (27%; 95% CI: 17, 39%).ConclusionsIn Ethiopia, the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was very low as compared to the world health organization's recommendation. Thus, the Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia and different stakeholders should give more attention to improve the proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level.