Browse
Submit Data
Databases
API
Help

Dataset Information

23 Views

0 Connections

0 Citations

0 Reanalyses

0 Downloads

Omics score: 0

Effects of ascorbate and carbonate on the conversion and developmental toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts during boiling of tap water.

ABSTRACT: Chlorine disinfection inactivates pathogens in drinking water, but meanwhile it causes the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which may induce adverse health effects. Humans are unavoidably exposed to halogenated DBPs via tap water ingestion. Boiling of tap water has been found to significantly reduce the concentrations of halogenated DBPs. In this study, we found that compared with boiling only, adding ascorbate (vitamin C) or carbonate (baking soda) to tap water and then boiling the water further reduced the level of total organic halogen (a collective parameter for all halogenated DBPs) by up to 36% or 28%, respectively. Adding ascorbate removed the chlorine residual in tap water and thus prevented the formation of more halogenated DBPs in the boiling process. Adding carbonate elevated pH of tap water and consequently enhanced the hydrolysis (dehalogenation) of halogenated DBPs or led to the formation of more trihalomethanes that might volatilize to air during the boiling process. The comparative developmental toxicity of the DBP mixtures in the water samples was also evaluated. The results showed that adding a tiny amount of sodium ascorbate or carbonate (2.5-5.0 mg/L) to tap water followed by boiling for 5 min reduced the developmental toxicity of tap water to a substantially lower level than boiling only. The addition of sodium ascorbate or carbonate to tap water in household could be realized by preparing them in tiny pills. This study suggests simple and effective methods to reduce the adverse effects of halogenated DBPs on humans through tap water ingestion.

SUBMITTER: Liu J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8056440 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Json Xml

Similar Datasets

Addition of lemon before boiling chlorinated tap water: A strategy to control halogenated disinfection byproducts.

Project description:Chlorine disinfection is required to inactivate pathogens in drinking water, but it inevitably generates potentially toxic halogenated disinfection byproducts (halo-DBPs). A previous study has reported that the addition of ascorbate to tap water before boiling could significantly decrease the concentration of overall halo-DBPs in the boiled water. Since the fruit lemon is rich in vitamin C (i.e., ascorbic acid), adding it to tap water followed by heating and boiling in an effort to decrease levels of halo-DBPs was investigated in this study. We examined three approaches that produce lemon water: (i) adding lemon to tap water at room temperature, termed "Lemon"; (ii) adding lemon to boiled tap water (at 100 °C) and then cooling to room temperature, termed "Boiling + Lemon"; and (iii) adding lemon to tap water then boiling and cooling to room temperature, termed "Lemon + Boiling". The concentrations of total and individual halo-DBPs in the resultant water samples were quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the cytotoxicity of DBP mixtures extracted from the water samples was evaluated using human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells and hepatoma HepG2 cells. Our results show that the "Lemon + Boiling" approach substantially decreased the concentrations of halo-DBPs and the cytotoxicity of tap water. This strategy could be applied to control halo-DBPs, as well as to lower the adverse health effects of halo-DBPs on humans through tap water ingestion.

| S-EPMC8134856 | biostudies-literature

Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water from the Tap: Variability in Household Calculated Additive Toxicity (CAT).

Project description:Recent studies have implemented a calculated additive toxicity (CAT) approach that sums measured disinfection byproduct (DBP) concentrations weighted by their respective in vitro bioassay potencies to estimate their associated risk in disinfected waters. In this study, the CAT approach was used to systematically investigate 21 regulated and unregulated DBPs measured in drinking water at the household level. Water samples from the tap were collected from over 120 randomly selected participants supplied by eight public water systems using four distinct source water types, two types of disinfection processes, and across two seasons. The purpose of this study was to compare CAT using multiple biological end points, examine household variability, identify DBPs driving toxicity, and assess if current regulated DBPs are adequate predictors of unregulated DBPs. Our results support the significance of unregulated DBPs, particularly haloacetonitriles and iodoacetic acid, as drivers of toxicity. Simple linear models between regulated versus unregulated concentrations and CAT were overall weak with 67% considered poor (r 2 < 0.3). These results reveal that current regulatory monitoring approaches may not be adequately capturing true household exposure due to higher contribution of unregulated DBPs to CAT and poor predictability between regulated and unregulated DBP-mediated CAT.

| S-EPMC11320572 | biostudies-literature

Predictive QSAR Models for the Toxicity of Disinfection Byproducts.

Project description:Several hundred disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water have been identified, and are known to have potentially adverse health effects. There are toxicological data gaps for most DBPs, and the predictive method may provide an effective way to address this. The development of an in-silico model of toxicology endpoints of DBPs is rarely studied. The main aim of the present study is to develop predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for the reactive toxicities of 50 DBPs in the five bioassays of X-Microtox, GSH+, GSH-, DNA+ and DNA-. All-subset regression was used to select the optimal descriptors, and multiple linear-regression models were built. The developed QSAR models for five endpoints satisfied the internal and external validation criteria: coefficient of determination (R²) > 0.7, explained variance in leave-one-out prediction (Q²LOO) and in leave-many-out prediction (Q²LMO) > 0.6, variance explained in external prediction (Q²F1, Q²F2, and Q²F3) > 0.7, and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) > 0.85. The application domains and the meaning of the selective descriptors for the QSAR models were discussed. The obtained QSAR models can be used in predicting the toxicities of the 50 DBPs.

| S-EPMC6151816 | biostudies-literature

Occurrence and Comparative Toxicity of Haloacetaldehyde Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water.

Project description:The introduction of drinking water disinfection greatly reduced waterborne diseases. However, the reaction between disinfectants and natural organic matter in the source water leads to an unintended consequence, the formation of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are the third largest group by weight of identified DBPs in drinking water. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence and comparative toxicity of the emerging HAL DBPs. A new HAL DBP, iodoacetaldehyde (IAL) was identified. This study provided the first systematic, quantitative comparison of HAL toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The rank order of HAL cytotoxicity is tribromoacetaldehyde (TBAL) ? chloroacetaldehyde (CAL) > dibromoacetaldehyde (DBAL) ? bromochloroacetaldehyde (BCAL) ? dibromochloroacetaldehyde (DBCAL) > IAL > bromoacetaldehyde (BAL) ? bromodichloroacetaldehyde (BDCAL) > dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL) > trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL). The HALs were highly cytotoxic compared to other DBP chemical classes. The rank order of HAL genotoxicity is DBAL > CAL ? DBCAL > TBAL ? BAL > BDCAL>BCAL ? DCAL>IAL. TCAL was not genotoxic. Because of their toxicity and abundance, further research is needed to investigate their mode of action to protect the public health and the environment.

| S-EPMC4791037 | biostudies-literature

Phototransformation of halophenolic disinfection byproducts in receiving seawater: Kinetics, products, and toxicity.

Project description:Flushing toilet with seawater is an effective method for preserving freshwater resources, but it introduces iodide and bromide ions into domestic wastewater. During chlorine disinfection, iodide and bromide ions in the saline wastewater effluent lead to the formation of iodinated and brominated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Examples of aromatic DBPs include iodophenolic, bromophenolic and chlorophenolic compounds, which generally display substantially higher toxicity than haloaliphatic DBPs. This paper presented for the first time the rates of phototransformation of 21 newly identified halophenolic DBPs in seawater, the receiving waterbody of the wastewater effluent. The phototransformation rate constants (k) were in the range from 7.75 × 10-4 to 4.62 × 10-1 h-1, which gave half-lives of 1.5-895 h. A quantitative structure-activity relationship was established for the phototransformation of halophenolic DBPs as logk=-0.0100×ΔGf0+5.7528×logMW+0.3686×pKa-19.1607, where ΔGf0 is standard Gibbs formation energy, MW is molecular weight, and pKa is dissociation constant. This model well predicted the k values of halophenolic DBPs. Among the tested DBPs, 2,4,6-triiodophenol and 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol were found to exhibit relatively high risks on marine organisms, based on toxicity indices and half-lives. In seawater, the two DBPs underwent photonucleophilic substitutions by bromide, chloride and hydroxide ions, resulting in the conversion to their bromophenolic and chlorophenolic counterparts (which are less toxic than the parent iodophenolic DBPs) and to their hydroxyphenolic counterparts (iodo(hydro)quinones, which are more toxic than the parent iodophenolic DBPs). The formed iodo(hydro)quinones further transformed to hydroxyl-iodo(hydro)quinones, which have lower toxicity than the parent compounds.

| S-EPMC6390291 | biostudies-literature

Human cell toxicogenomic analysis links reactive oxygen species to the toxicity of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproducts

2013-08-11 | GSE49698 | GEO

Revisiting Disinfection Byproducts with Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-High Resolution-Mass Spectrometry: Identification of Novel Halogenated Sulfonic Acids in Disinfected Drinking Water.

Project description:High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled to either gas chromatography or reversed-phase liquid chromatography is the generic method to identify unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) but can easily overlook their highly polar fractions. In this study, we applied an alternative chromatographic separation method, supercritical fluid chromatography-HRMS, to characterize DBPs in disinfected water. In total, 15 DBPs were tentatively identified for the first time as haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids, haloacetamidesulfonic acids, and haloacetaldehydesulfonic acids. Cysteine, glutathione, and p-phenolsulfonic acid were found as precursors during lab-scale chlorination, with cysteine providing the highest yield. A mixture of the labeled analogues of these DBPs was prepared by chlorination of 13C3-15N-cysteine and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for structural confirmation and quantification. A total of 6 drinking water treatment plants utilizing various source waters and treatment trains produced sulfonated DBPs upon disinfection. Those were widespread in the tap water of 8 cities across Europe, with estimated concentrations up to 50 and 800 ng/L for total haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids and haloacetaldehydesulfonic acids, respectively. Up to 850 ng/L haloacetonitrilesulfonic acids were found in 3 public swimming pools. Considering the stronger toxicity of haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and haloacetaldehydes than the regulated DBPs, these newly found sulfonic acid derivatives may also pose a health risk.

| S-EPMC9996826 | biostudies-literature

Human cell toxicogenomic analysis links reactive oxygen species to the toxicity of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproducts

Project description:The monohaloacetic acids (monoHAAs) are generated as byproducts during the disinfection of drinking water and are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. Iodoacetic acid (IAA) toxicity was mitigated by antioxidants, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress. Other monoHAAs may share a similar mode of action. Human oxidative stress and antioxidant defense gene arrays (SA biosciences) were used to evaluate changes in transcriptome profiles in the human intestinal epithelial cell line FHS 74 INT generated by three compounds, chloroacetic acid (CAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA) and IAA at two time points (30 min and 4 h). Twelve samples were evaluated. Each treated sample was paired with a concurrent negative control (cells treated in medium only). Three technical repeats were included for each sample and Ct values were calculated from the average of the three repeats. Samples 1,2,and 3 were isolated from 30 min negative controls for CAA, BAA, and IAA respectively. Samples 4, 5, and 6 were isolated from cells treated for 30 min with CAA, BAA, and IAA respectivley. Samples 7, 8, and 9 were isolated from 4h negative controls for CAA, BAA, and IAA respectively. Samples 10, 11, and 12 were isolated from cells treated for 4 h with CAA, BAA and IAA respectively. Ct values were normalized against the average of the 5 housekeeping genes included in the array to generate M-NM-^TCt values. Fold changes for each gene were calculated as a ratio of 2^-M-NM-^TCttest / 2^-M-NM-^TCtcontrol.

2013-08-11 | E-GEOD-49698 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Energy of the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, Thiol Reactivity, and Toxicity of Three Monobrominated Water Disinfection Byproducts.

Project description:Disinfection of drinking water protects public health against waterborne pathogens. However, during disinfection, toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Exposure to DBPs was associated with increased risk of bladder cancer in humans. DBPs are generated at concentrations below their carcinogenic potencies; it is unclear how exposure leads to adverse health outcomes. We used computational estimates of the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) to predict thiol reactivity and additive toxicity among soft electrophile DBPs. Bromoacetic acid (BAA) was identified as non-thiol-reactive, which was supported by in chemico and in vitro data. Bromoacetonitrile (BAN) and bromoacetamide (BAM) were thiol-reactive. Genotoxicity induced by these compounds was reduced by increasing the thiol pool with N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC), while NAC had little effect on BAA. BAN and BAM shared depletion of glutathione (GSH) or cellular thiols as a molecular initiating event (MIE), whereas BAA induces toxicity through another pathway. Binary mixtures of BAM and BAN expressed a potentiating effect in genotoxicity. We found that soft electrophile DBPs could be an important predictor of common mechanism groups that demonstrated additive toxicity. In silico estimates of ELUMO could be used to identify the most relevant DBPs that are the forcing factors of the toxicity of finished drinking waters.

| S-EPMC4800005 | biostudies-literature

Occurrence and toxicity of disinfection byproducts in European drinking waters in relation with the HIWATE epidemiology study.

Project description:The HIWATE (Health Impacts of long-term exposure to disinfection byproducts in drinking WATEr) project was a systematic analysis that combined the epidemiology on adverse pregnancy outcomes and other health effects with long-term exposure to low levels of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the European Union. The present study focused on the relationship of the occurrence and concentration of DBPs with in vitro mammalian cell toxicity. Eleven drinking water samples were collected from five European countries. Each sampling location corresponded with an epidemiological study for the HIWATE program. Over 90 DBPs were identified; the range in the number of DBPs and their levels reflected the diverse collection sites, different disinfection processes, and the different characteristics of the source waters. For each sampling site, chronic mammalian cell cytotoxicity correlated highly with the numbers of DBPs identified and the levels of DBP chemical classes. Although there was a clear difference in the genotoxic responses among the drinking waters, these data did not correlate as well with the chemical analyses. Thus, the agents responsible for the genomic DNA damage observed in the HIWATE samples may be due to unresolved associations of combinations of identified DBPs, unknown emerging DBPs that were not identified, or other toxic water contaminants. This study represents the first to integrate quantitative in vitro toxicological data with analytical chemistry and human epidemiologic outcomes for drinking water DBPs.

| S-EPMC4790091 | biostudies-literature

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

OmicsDI is an Elixir interoperability service. Learn more ›

Tweets

OmicsDI Databases

PRIDE
PeptideAtlas
MassIVE
JPOST Repository
Physiome Model Repository

EGA
EVA
ENA
LINCS
PAXDB
Cell Collective

MetaboLights
Metabolomics Workbench
MetabolomeExpress
GNPS
BioModels
FAIRDOMHub

ArrayExpress
dbGaP
ExpressionAtlas
GEO
NODE

Information

Databases
Help
API
Contact us
Code on GitHub
Terms of use
Submit Data