Modulating the Microbiota as a Therapeutic Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Huda MN
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8060771 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Metformin and liraglutide are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although these drugs can alter the intestinal microbiome, clinical data are required to explore their mechanisms of action. Using 16S sequencing technology, we analyzed and compared the intestinal bacterial community structure and function between patients before and after treatment (12 weeks) with the two drugs (metformin or liraglutide, n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 15). Moreover, combined with 19 clinical indices, the potential therapeutic mechanisms of the two drugs were compared. The studied clinical indices included those associated with islet β-cell function (FPG, FINS, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, and APN), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, and LDL-C), and liver function (ALT, AST, and GGT); the values of all indices changed significantly after treatment (p < 0.01). In addition, the effect of the two drugs on the intestinal bacterial community varied. Liraglutide treatment significantly increased the diversity and richness of the intestinal bacterial community (p < 0.05); it significantly increased the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Bacilli, whereas metformin treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria (p < 0.05). Metformin treatment increased the complexity and stability of the intestinal bacterial network. However, liraglutide treatment had a weaker effect on the intestinal bacterial network, and the network after treatment was similar to that in healthy controls. Correlation matrix analysis between dominant genera and clinical indicators showed that the correlation between the bacterial community and islet β-cell function was stronger after liraglutide treatment, whereas the correlation between the bacterial community and inflammation-related factors was stronger after metformin treatment. Functional prediction showed that liraglutide could significantly affect the abundance of functional genes related to T2DM and NAFLD (p < 0.05), but the effect of metformin was not significant. This study is the first to report the changes in the intestinal bacterial community in patients treated with metformin or liraglutide and the differences between the mechanisms of action of metformin and liraglutide. Metformin or liraglutide has a therapeutic value in T2DM complicated with NAFLD, with liraglutide having a weaker effect on the intestinal bacterial community but a better therapeutic efficacy.
| S-EPMC9909237 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Despite improved understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, explanations for individual variability in disease progression and response to treatment are incomplete. The gut microbiota has been linked to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and may account for this variability. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of dietary and physical activity/exercise interventions in modulating the gut microbiota and improving glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.A systematic search was conducted to identify studies reporting on the effect of dietary and physical activity/exercise interventions on the gut microbiota and glucose control in individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study characteristics, methodological quality and details relating to interventions were captured using a data-extraction form. Meta-analyses were conducted where sufficient data were available, and other results were reported narratively.Eight studies met the eligibility criteria of the systematic review. No studies were found that reported on the effects of physical activity/exercise on the gut microbiota and glucose control. However, studies reporting on dietary interventions showed that such interventions were associated with modifications to the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. There was a statistically significant improvement in HbA1c (standardised mean difference [SMD] -2.31 mmol/mol [95% CI -2.76, -1.85] [0.21%; 95% CI -0.26, -0.16]; I2?=?0%, p?<?0.01), but not in fasting blood glucose (SMD -0.25 mmol/l [95% CI -0.85, 0.35], I2?=?87%, p?>?0.05), fasting insulin (SMD -1.82 pmol/l [95% CI -7.23, 3.60], I2?=?54%, p?>?0.05) or HOMA-IR (SMD -0.15 [95% CI -0.63, 0.32], I2?=?69%, p?>?0.05) when comparing dietary interventions with comparator groups. There were no significant changes in the relative abundance of bacteria in the genera Bifidobacterium (SMD 1.29% [95% CI -4.45, 7.03], I2?=?33%, p?>?0.05), Roseburia (SMD -0.85% [95% CI -2.91, 1.21], I2?=?79%, p?>?0.05) or Lactobacillus (SMD 0.04% [95% CI -0.01, 0.09], I2?=?0%, p?>?0.05) when comparing dietary interventions with comparator groups. There were, however, other significant changes in the gut microbiota, including changes at various taxonomic levels, including phylum, family, genus and species, Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios and changes in diversity matrices (? and ?). Dietary intervention had minimal or no effect on inflammation, short-chain fatty acids or anthropometrics.Dietary intervention was found to modulate the gut microbiota and improve glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Although the results of the included studies are encouraging, this review highlights the need for further well-conducted interventional studies to inform the clinical use of dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiota.
| S-EPMC6061157 | biostudies-other
Project description:Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the initiation, progression and development of complications associated with multiple liver diseases. Notably, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and hepatic encephalopathy, have strong links to dysbiosis - or a pathobiological change in the microbiota. In this review, we provide clear and concise discussions on the human gut microbiota, methods of identifying gut microbiota and its functionality, liver diseases that are affected by the gut microbiota, including novel associations under research, and provide current evidence on the modulation of gut microbiota and its effects on specific liver disease conditions.
| S-EPMC7132020 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing concern worldwide. New discoveries in the field of metagenomics and clinical research have revealed that the gut microbiota plays a key role in these metabolic disorders. The mechanisms regulating microbiota composition are multifactorial and include resistance to stress, presence of pathogens, diet, cultural habits and general health conditions. Recent evidence has shed light on the influence of microbiota quality and diversity on mitochondrial functions. Of note, the gut microbiota has been shown to regulate crucial transcription factors, coactivators, as well as enzymes implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. Moreover, microbiota metabolites seem to interfere with mitochondrial oxidative/nitrosative stress and autophagosome formation, thus regulating the activation of the inflammasome and the production of inflammatory cytokines, key players in chronic metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the association between intestinal microbiota and mitochondrial function and examines the mechanisms that may be the key to their use as potential therapeutic strategies in obesity and T2D management.
| S-EPMC7554719 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes has long been linked with enteroviral infection but a causal relationship has proven hard to establish. This is partly because much of the epidemiological evidence derives from studies of neutralising antibody generation in blood samples while less attention has been paid to the pancreatic beta cell as a site of infection. Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed that beta cells express specific enteroviral receptors and that they can sustain a productive enteroviral infection. Importantly, they can also mount antiviral responses which attenuate viral replication and may favour the establishment of a persistent enteroviral infection. Together, these responses combine to create the Trojan horse by which enteroviruses might precipitate islet autoimmunity.
| S-EPMC6294842 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Type 2 diabetes is characterized by progressive decline in pancreatic β-cell function. Newer agents, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and dual incretin agonists, can augment β-cell function and delay the need for additional antihyperglycemics. However, the effect on β-cell function ceases after stopping the medications. When combined with intensive lifestyle modifications, higher doses of GLP-1RA than those used for diabetes treatment can be used to induce weight loss. More research is needed on whether the weight loss achieved with GLP1-RA can be sustained after stopping medication and in turn can sustain diabetes remission.
| S-EPMC10158502 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, the gut microbiota have been identified to be an important environmental factor that could modify diabetes susceptibility. We have previously shown that Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a major adaptor protein downstream of most innate immune Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, is important for mediating diabetes susceptibility in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of human T1D. Here we report the role of TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) in T1D development, as TRIF is an important adaptor protein downstream of TLR3 and TLR4 signaling. We found that TRIF-deficient (TRIF-/-) NOD mice were protected from development of diabetes, but only when housed with TRIF-deficient (TRIF-/-) NOD mice. When housed with TRIF-sufficient wild type (WT, i.e., TRIF+/+) NOD mice, the mice developed diabetes. We further investigated the gut microbiota as a potential cause for the altered diabetes development. Interestingly, TRIF-/-NOD mice had a different microbiota composition compared to WT NOD mice, only if they were housed with TRIF-/-NOD mice. However, the composition of gut microbiota in the TRIF-/-NOD mice was indistinguishable from WT NOD mice, if they were housed with WT NOD mice. The difference in the gut microbiota in TRIF-/-NOD mice, due to cohousing, accorded with the diabetes development in TRIF-/-NOD mice. Comparing the gut microbiota in TRIF-/- and WT NOD mice, we identified changes in percentage of Sutterella, Rikenella and Turicibacter species. Moreover, bacteria from WT NOD mice induced significantly stronger inflammatory immune responses in vitro compared to those from TRIF-/-NOD mice. Further immunological analysis revealed impaired function of dendritic cells and reduced T cell activation and proliferation in TRIF-/-NOD mice. Our data show that TRIF-deficiency protects NOD mice from diabetes development through alteration of the gut microbiota and reduced immune cell activation; however, that protection is over-ridden upon exposure to WT NOD bacteria. Therefore exposure to different microbiota can modify disease susceptibility determined by genetic factors related to innate immunity.
| S-EPMC6108920 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) in alleviating type 2 diabetes through intestinal flora modulation. A high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) was applied to create a diabetic model. The results indicated that LBP effectively alleviated the symptoms of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance in diabetic mice. A high dosage of LBP exerted better hypoglycemic effects than low and medium dosages. In diabetic mice, LBP significantly boosted the activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px and reduced inflammation. The analysis of 16S rDNA disclosed that LBP notably improved the composition of intestinal flora, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Intestinimonas, Mucispirillum, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-009 and decreasing the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Dubosiella, Romboutsia. LBP significantly improved the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in diabetic mice, which corresponded to the increase in the beneficial genus. According to Spearman's correlation analysis, Cetobacterium, Streptococcus, Ralstonia. Cetobacterium, Ruminiclostridium, and Bifidobacterium correlated positively with insulin, whereas Cetobacterium, Millionella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Streptococcus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_009 correlated negatively with HOMA-IR, HDL-C, ALT, AST, TC, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings suggested that the mentioned genus may be beneficial to diabetic mice's hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia. The up-regulation of peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and insulin were remarkably reversed by LBP in diabetic mice. The real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis illustrated that LBP distinctly regulated the glucose metabolism of diabetic mice by activating the IRS/PI3K/Akt signal pathway. These results indicated that LBP effectively alleviated the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of diabetic mice by modulating intestinal flora.
| S-EPMC9280299 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rheum palmatum L. is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of constipation. Here, the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of purified anthraquinone-glycoside preparation from rhubarb (RAGP) on the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats were investigated. After 6 weeks of metformin and RAGP treatment, the weight returned to normal. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated serum protein (GSP), insulin concentration and HOMA-IR index had significantly decreased, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations had increased. Histological abnormalities in the pancreas and ileum had improved. These effects were associated with enhanced intestinal integrity, thereby reducing the absorption of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammation. To investigate whether RAGP ameliorated insulin resistance via effects on the gut microbiota, we performed 16s rDNA sequencing of ileal gut contents. This showed an amelioration of gut dysbiosis, with greater abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus and short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, and lower abundance of the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and LPS-producing Desulfovibrio. The mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect of RAGP involves regulation of the gut microbiota, activation of the GLP-1/cAMP pathway to ameliorate insulin resistance. Thus, this study provides a theoretical basis for the use of RAGP to treat T2DM, and it may be a novel approach to restore the gut microbiota.
| S-EPMC6603233 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMale reproductive damage, as a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is getting more attention lately. We aimed to explore the protective effects and mechanism of cornuside (Cor) modulating gut microbiota to alleviate diabetes mellitus- (DM-) induced testicular damage.MethodsKK-Ay mice with reproductive damage were randomly divided into the model and Cor treatment groups, and the C57BL/6J mice were used as the normal group. These mice were orally administered Cor for 8 weeks.ResultsCor administration ameliorated the diabetes-related symptoms of polydipsia and polyphagia and lowered the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level. The results of pathological injury showed that Cor improved testicular lesions (the rupture of seminiferous tubules, degeneration of germ cells, and structural shrinkage and separation from each other) in DM model mice. Cor significantly increased the testis/body weight ratio, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in KK-Ay mice. Cor also protected from reproductive damage by inhibiting apoptosis in the testes of KK-Ay mice. Moreover, Cor significantly increased the sperm count and sperm motility. Additionally, 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed that Cor could notably reverse the changes in the distribution of gut microbiota and decrease the abundance of Weissella confusa (Weissella), Clostridium sp. ND2 (Clostridium sensu stricto 1), uncultured bacterium (Roseburia), Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM 17241 (Anaerotruncus), [Clostridium] leptum (Anaerotruncus), unidentified (Ruminococcus 1), and uncultured bacterium (Bilophila), which may be a potential biomarker for diagnosing the testicular injury caused by DM. Meanwhile, the heat map of phylum level suggested that the testicular injury caused by DM is closely related to gut microbiota.ConclusionsCor could alleviate DM-induced testicular damage, probably by modulating the gut microbiota.
| S-EPMC8421159 | biostudies-literature