Trends and Inequalities in Overall and Abdominal Obesity by Sociodemographic Factors in Korean Adults, 1998-2018.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Jang HJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8070993 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:This study examined trends in inequalities in health complaints among early adolescents in Scotland from 1998 to 2018. We analysed data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey conducted in Scotland in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018. A self-report questionnaire was administered in schools to a nationally representative sample of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds (n = 29,250). Health complaints were measured using a scale comprising four psychological symptoms (feeling low, feeling nervous, irritability and sleep difficulties) and four somatic symptoms (headache, backache, stomachache and dizziness). Socio-economic status was measured using the Family Affluence Scale. Between 1998 and 2018, there were significant increases in the proportion of girls and boys reporting feeling low, feeling nervous, sleep difficulties and backache. Prevalence of the eight individual health complaints was higher among girls and adolescents from lower affluence families. Socio-economic inequalities increased over time, such that declines in mental health were greatest among low affluence adolescents. The data show worsening trends in health complaints among Scottish adolescents between 1998 and 2018, particularly for girls and adolescents from low affluence families. Increasing inequalities in mental health highlight the need to address the underlying social and structural determinants of adolescent mental health.
| S-EPMC10067662 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesAbdominal obesity (AO) has become a public health issue due to its impact on health, society and the economy. The relationship between socioeconomic disparities and the prevalence of AO has yet to be studied in Peru. Thus, our aim was to analyze the socioeconomic inequalities in AO distribution defined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) cut-off points in Peruvian adults in 2018-2019.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study using data from the 2018-2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) of Peru. We analyzed a representative sample of 62,138 adults over 18 years of age of both sexes from urban and rural areas. Subjects were grouped into quintiles of the wealth to calculate a concentration curve and the Erreygers Concentration Index (ECI) in order to measure the inequality of AO distribution. Finally, we performed a decomposition analysis to evaluate the major determinants of inequalities.ResultsThe prevalence of AO among Peruvian adults was 73.8%, being higher among women than men (85.1% and 61.1% respectively, p < 0.001). Socioeconomic inequality in AO was more prominent among men (ECI = 0.342, standard error (SE) = 0.0065 vs. ECI = 0.082, SE = 0.0043). The factors that contributed most to inequality in the prevalence of AO for both sexes were having the highest wealth index (men 37.2%, women 45.6%, p < 0.001), a higher education (men 34.4%, women 41.4%, p < 0.001) and living in an urban setting (men 22.0%, women 57.5%, p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn Peru the wealthy concentrate a greater percentage of AO. The inequality gap is greater among men, although AO is more prevalent among women. The variables that most contributed to inequality were the wealth index, educational level and area of residence. There is a need for effective individual and community interventions to reduce these inequalities.
| S-EPMC8294571 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The relatively high levels of vegetable consumption have highlighted the need to examine the association between phytochemical intake and disease prevention. We examined the association between the phytochemical index (PI) and obesity/abdominal obesity among Korean adults. We analyzed the data of 57,940 adults aged ? 19 years obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We calculated PI using the 24 h recall data, and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. Dose-response patterns were analyzed using restricted cubic spline regression. After multivariable adjustment, a higher PI was found to be associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity; this association was notable in women (obesity, OR: 0.86, CI: 0.78-0.94, p for trend = 0.01; abdominal obesity, OR: 0.81, CI: 0.73-0.90, p for trend < 0.001). Spline regression showed linearity of the associations between PI and obesity/abdominal obesity in women. Our findings suggested that maintaining a phytochemical-rich diet may help to prevent obesity and abdominal obesity, especially in women, as an increased PI corresponded to lower prevalence of obesity. This study, using evidence-based data, highlighted the importance of consuming plant-derived foods to prevent obesity.
| S-EPMC7468740 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To evaluate trends in premature cancer mortality in Colombia by educational level in three periods: 1998-2002 with low healthcare insurance coverage, 2003-2007 with rapidly increasing coverage and finally 2008-2012 with almost universal coverage (2008-2012).Colombian population-based, national secondary mortality data.We included all (n=188,091) cancer deaths occurring in the age group 20-64 years between 1998 and 2012, excluding only cases with low levels of quality of registration (n=2902, 1.5%).In this descriptive study, we linked mortality data of ages 20-64 years to census data to obtain age-standardised cancer mortality rates by educational level. Using Poisson regression, we modelled premature mortality by educational level estimating rate ratios (RR), relative index of inequality (RII) and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII).Relative measures showed increased risks of dying among the lower educated compared to the highest educated; this tendency was stronger in women (RRprimary 1.49; RRsecondary 1.22, both p<0.0001) than in men (RRprimary 1.35; RRsecondary 1.11, both p<0.0001). In absolute terms (SII), cancer caused a difference per 100 000 deaths between the highest and lowest educated of 20.5 in males and 28.5 in females. RII was significantly higher among women and the younger age categories. RII decreased between the first and second periods; afterwards (2008-2012), it increased significantly back to their previous levels. Among women, no significant increases or declines in cancer mortality over time were observed in recent periods in the lowest educated group, whereas strong recent declines were observed in those with secondary education or higher.Educational inequalities in cancer mortality in Colombia are increasing in absolute and relative terms, and are concentrated in young age categories. This trend was not curbed by increases in healthcare insurance coverage. Policymakers should focus on improving equal access to prevention, early detection, diagnostic and treatment facilities.
| S-EPMC4823465 | biostudies-other
Project description:ImportanceFew studies have examined the dietary trends in Korea beyond evaluating selected food groups. To help prevent cardiometabolic disease burdens, a comprehensive investigation of the trends in overall diet quality and identification of possible contributing factors would be useful.ObjectiveTo investigate the trends and independent associations of age, period, and birth cohort with diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factors among Korean adults.Design, setting, and participantsSerial cross-sectional and age-period-cohort analyses were conducted of nationally representative 24-hour dietary recall data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018. The study population included 65 416 Korean adults aged 19 to 79 years. Data analyses were conducted from March 1, 2020, through April 30, 2021.ExposuresAge, calendar year, birth cohort, and population sociodemographic characteristics.Main outcomes and measuresKorean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), a validated diet quality score (range, 0-90, with higher scores indicating greater diet quality), and 8 cardiometabolic risk factors (waist circumference and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose levels).ResultsAmong 65 416 participants, mean age (SD) was 44.5 (0.1) years and 36 631 were women (55.8%). In 2007-2018, the age-standardized mean (SE) KHEI score increased from 51.0 (0.4) to 52.1 (0.5), which was associated with reduced sodium intake and increased whole grain, dairy, and protein-rich food intakes. The mean (SE) KHEI score was lowest at age 39 years (50.1 [0.3]) and increased at older ages (58.0 [0.3] at 79 years). Controlling for age and period effects, the highest KHEI score was observed among the birth cohorts of 1960-1964 (53.6 [0.9]) and decreased in subsequent cohorts (45.5 [1.2] in the 1990-1999 birth cohort). Similar cohort effects in cardiometabolic risk factors were observed, showing the lowest waist circumference, blood pressure, and total cholesterol levels among the birth cohorts of the 1960s and 1970s and higher levels among more recent birth cohorts (1990-1999 vs 1960-1964: waist circumference, 83.8 [0.5] vs 81.4 [0.4] cm; systolic blood pressure, 118.7 [0.7] vs 116.4 [0.4] mm Hg; total cholesterol, 200.2 [0.9] vs 198.9 [0.7] mg/dL). At most ages, periods, and birth cohorts, the mean KHEI score was consistently higher in adults living in urban areas (at age 45 years: 50.5 [1.0] vs 49.7 [0.9] rural) and among high-income (at age 45 years: 50.7 [1.1] vs 49.3 [0.9] low income) and educational levels (at age 45 years: 53.1 [0.9] vs 49.1 [1.0] low educational level).Conclusions and relevanceThe findings of this study suggest that, from 2007 to 2018, the diet quality of Korean adults modestly improved. Despite the improvement, inequalities in diet among age, birth cohort, and socioeconomic subgroups persisted, suggesting that more intense interventions may be needed to target the susceptible groups.
| S-EPMC9218851 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo investigate trends in blood pressure (BP) and hypertension prevalence in Korea.Materials and methodsBased on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) I (1998), II (2001), III (2005), IV (2007-2009), V (2010-2012), and VI (2013-2014), 56077 participants (23974 men and 32103 women) were included.ResultsMean systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) decreased in both sexes (male SBP: 128.1 to 120.2 mm Hg, male DBP: 82.0 to 78.5 mm Hg; female SBP: 125.7 to 116.0 mm Hg and female DBP: 77.4 to 73.2 mm Hg from the KNHANES I-VI). The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was significantly decreased in both sexes (male; 33.3% to 30.3%, female; 28.7% to 22.7%, all p for trend <0.001). Regardless of taking anti-hypertensive medication or not, SBP and DBP declined universally in both sexes. Compared to the KNHANES I, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the KNHANES II to VI for less-than-normotensive and less-than-hypertensive BP increased in both sexes.ConclusionMean BP levels in both sexes and hypertension prevalence showed downward trends during the 16-year period.
| S-EPMC5889987 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background. Abdominal obesity and its relative distribution are known to differ in association with metabolic characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness. This study aimed to determine an association between fitness level and abdominal adiposity in overweight and obese adults. Methods. 228 overweight and obese individuals were classified as either cardiorespiratory unfit or fit based on their recovery heart rate. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), the visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio (VAT/SAT ratio), and cardiometabolic characteristics were analyzed to examine the relationship between recovery heart rate and abdominal adiposity components. Results. After adjustments for age and sex, significant relationships of recovery heart rate and VAT, SAT, and VAT/SAT ratio were found; however, SAT was not significantly associated after further adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.045, P = 0.499), whereas VAT (r = 0.232, P < 0.001) and VAT/SAT ratio (r = 0.214, P = 0.001) remained associated. Through stepwise multiple regression analyses after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, lifestyle factors, mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, lipid profiles, and hsCRP, recovery heart rate was identified as an independent variable associated with VAT (β = 0.204, P < 0.001) and VAT/SAT ratio (β = 0.163, P = 0.008) but not with SAT (β = 0.097, P = 0.111). Conclusions. Cardiorespiratory fitness level is independently associated with VAT and the VAT/SAT ratio but not with SAT in overweight and obese adults.
| S-EPMC3958687 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIt is well known that the prevalence of obesity in Korea is increasing over time, however it is not known how the trends among occupational groups and sex differ in such increasing trends. This study was designed to provide recent trends of obesity among workers in Korea and to identify whether there were differences among occupational groups.MethodsWe used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phases I to VI (1998-2015), to analyze trends in the prevalence of obesity in adult Korean workers. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher. Occupations were classified into 3 groups: (a) nonmanual workers, (b) service/sales workers, and (c) manual workers.ResultsDuring the period of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Phases I to VI, the prevalence of obesity in male workers increased in all occupations (31.1% to 39.5% in manual workers, 32.3% to 38.2% in service/sales workers, and 25.3% to 39.7% in manual workers). However, female workers did not show any particular tendency toward obesity, except for a significant decrease in the prevalence rate in service/sales workers (30.8% to 23.9%, p for trend = 0.0048).ConclusionThe trends of obesity prevalence by sex and occupation were different. For male manual workers, the prevalence rate increased steadily during the data period, while it decreased steadily in female sales/service workers.
| S-EPMC7078515 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeUnfavorable changes in eating patterns over time may contribute to upward trends in chronic diseases, such as obesity. We examined 20-year trends in the percentage of energy from main meals and snacks and the food sources of each eating occasion among Korean adults.MethodsThis study used nationally representative data from the 1st, 4th, and 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1998, 2007-2009, and 2016-2018) among adults aged 20-69 years (n = 29,389). Each eating occasion (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks) was defined by respondents during a 24-h dietary recall interview. To identify the food sources of each eating occasion, we used the NOVA system. The percentage of energy at each eating occasion and that from each NOVA group across survey cycles were estimated, and tests for linear trends were conducted using orthogonal polynomial contrasts in linear regression models. All analyses accounted for the complex survey design.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and sex, the percentage of energy from breakfast decreased from 25.0% in 1998 to 16.7% in 2018 (difference, - 8.2%; standard error [SE], 0.3), whereas that from dinner and snacks increased from 31.1 to 33.8% (difference, + 2.7%; SE, 0.4) and from 14.0 to 19.0% (difference, + 5.0%; SE, 0.5), respectively (all P < 0.001). At all eating occasions, the percentage of energy from minimally processed foods declined (difference, - 18.6% for breakfast; - 13.1% for lunch; - 21.1% for dinner; - 20.7% for snacks), while that from ultra-processed foods increased (difference, + 17.0% for breakfast; + 11.3% for lunch; + 18.0% for dinner; + 30.7% for snacks). When stratified by age, the given trends were shown to a greater extent in younger adults (< 50 years old) than in older adults (≥ 50 years old).ConclusionsThe eating patterns of Korean adults changed from 1998 to 2018, with the greatest decrease in energy intake from breakfast and the greatest increase from snacking. At all eating occasions, the contribution of minimally processed foods declined, while that of ultra-processed foods increased, especially among younger adults.
| S-EPMC10799128 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHigher levels of socioeconomic deprivation have been consistently associated with increased risk of premature mortality, but a detailed analysis by causes of death is lacking in Belgium. We aim to investigate the association between area deprivation and all-cause and cause-specific premature mortality in Belgium over the period 1998-2019.MethodsWe used the 2001 and 2011 Belgian Indices of Multiple Deprivation to assign statistical sectors, the smallest geographical units in the country, into deprivation deciles. All-cause and cause-specific premature mortality rates, population attributable fraction, and potential years of life lost due to inequality were estimated by period, sex, and deprivation deciles.ResultsMen and women living in the most deprived areas were 1.96 and 1.78 times more likely to die prematurely compared to those living in the least deprived areas over the period under study (1998-2019). About 28% of all premature deaths could be attributed to socioeconomic inequality and about 30% of potential years of life lost would be averted if the whole population of Belgium faced the premature mortality rates of the least deprived areas.ConclusionPremature mortality rates have declined over time, but inequality has increased due to a faster pace of decrease in the least deprived areas compared to the most deprived areas. As the causes of death related to poor lifestyle choices contribute the most to the inequality gap, more effective, country-level interventions should be put in place to target segments of the population living in the most deprived areas as they are facing disproportionately high risks of dying.
| S-EPMC10868013 | biostudies-literature