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The complete chloroplast genome of Viola philippica.

ABSTRACT: The complete chloroplast genome of Viola philippica was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. It is a circular form of 156,469 bp in length, which was separated into four distinct regions, a large single-copy (LSC) of 85,668 bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 18,001 bp, and two inverted repeats (IR) of 26,400 bp. After annotation, a total of 129 genes were predicted, of which, 84 encode proteins, 8 rRNA, and 37 tRNA. The evolutionary history, inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) method, indicates that V. philippica was grouped within Violaceae, and comprised a clade with Viola seoulensis with 100% Bootstrap value.

SUBMITTER: Guo Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8078920 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundViola philippica Cav. is the only source plant of "Zi Hua Di Ding", which is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that is utilized as an antifebrile and detoxicant agent for the treatment of acute pyogenic infections. Historically, many Viola species with violet flowers have been misused in "Zi Hua Di Ding". Viola have been recognized as a taxonomically difficult genera due to their highly similar morphological characteristics. Here, all common V. philippica adulterants were sampled. A total of 24 complete chloroplast (cp) genomes were analyzed, among these 5 cp genome sequences were downloaded from GenBank and 19 cp genomes, including 2 "Zi Hua Di Ding" purchased from a local TCM pharmacy, were newly sequenced.ResultsThe Viola cp genomes ranged from 156,483 bp to 158,940 bp in length. A total of 110 unique genes were annotated, including 76 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. Sequence divergence analysis screening identified 16 highly diverged sequences; these could be used as markers for the identification of Viola species. The morphological, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees of whole cp genome sequences and highly diverged sequences were divided into five monophyletic clades. The species in each of the five clades were identical in their positions within the morphological and cp genome tree. The shared morphological characters belonging to each clade was summarized. Interestingly, unique variable sites were found in ndhF, rpl22, and ycf1 of V. philippica, and these sites can be selected to distinguish V. philippica from samples all other Viola species, including its most closely related species. In addition, important morphological characteristics were proposed to assist the identification of V. philippica. We applied these methods to examine 2 "Zi Hua Di Ding" randomly purchased from the local TCM pharmacy, and this analysis revealed that the morphological and molecular characteristics were valid for the identification of V. philippica.ConclusionsThis study provides invaluable data for the improvement of species identification and germplasm of V. philippica that may facilitate the application of a super-barcode in TCM identification and enable future studies on phylogenetic evolution and safe medical applications.

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The complete chloroplast genome of Viola philippica.

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