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Cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonism attenuates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice.

ABSTRACT: Pharmacological blockade of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the central nervous system and various peripheral tissues, reverses diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia through the reduction of food intake and altered nutrient partitioning. This strategy is being explored for a number of therapeutic applications; however, its potency for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease via improvements in lipid metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, here, we aimed to investigate whether inhibition of the endocannabinoid system can attenuate atherosclerosis development through improvement of dyslipidemia. Lean, dyslipidemic female APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP transgenic mice were fed a Western-type diet supplemented with or without the cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant (20 mg·kg body weight^-1 day^-1) for up to 20 weeks. Plasma lipids and bile acids were determined, and atherosclerotic lesions were scored in the aortic valve region. Rimonabant lowered plasma levels of triglyceride (TG) (-56%) and non-HDL-C (-19%) and increased HDL-C (+57%). These effects were explained by decreased VLDL-TG production (-52%) and accelerated VLDL-TG turnover accompanied by pronounced browning of white adipose tissue. In addition, rimonabant attenuated reverse cholesterol transport (-30%), increased plasma bile acid levels (+160%), and increased hepatic cholesterol accumulation (+88%). Importantly, rimonabant markedly lowered atherosclerotic lesion size (-64%), which coincided with decreased lesion severity (28% vs. 56% severe lesions) and which strongly correlated with non-HDL-C exposure (R² = 0.60). Taken together, inhibition of the endocannabinoid system potently reverses dyslipidemia and prevents atherogenesis, even in the absence of obesity.

SUBMITTER: van Eenige R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8082266 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundCombined glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonism is superior to single GLP1R agonism with respect to glycemic control and weight loss in obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes. As insulin resistance and obesity are strong risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in the current study we investigated the effects of combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism on NAFLD development.MethodsMale APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, a humanized model for diabetic dyslipidemia and NAFLD when fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet, received subcutaneous injections with either vehicle, a GIPR agonist, a GLP1R agonist, or both agonists combined every other day.FindingsGIPR and GLP1R agonism reduced body weight and additively lowered fasting plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Strikingly, we report an additive reduction in hepatic steatosis as evidenced by lower hepatic lipid content and NAFLD scores. Underlying the lipid-lowering effects were a reduced food intake and intestinal lipid absorption and an increased uptake of glucose and triglyceride-derived fatty acids by energy-combusting brown adipose tissue. Combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism also attenuated hepatic inflammation as evidenced by a decreased number of monocyte-derived Kupffer cells and a reduced expression of inflammatory markers. Together, the reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation coincided with lowered markers of liver injury.InterpretationWe interpretate that GIPR and GLP1R agonism additively attenuate hepatic steatosis, lower hepatic inflammation, ameliorate liver injury, together preventing NAFLD development in humanized APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice. We anticipate that combined GIPR/GLP1R agonism is a promising strategy to attenuate NAFLD progression in humans.FundingThis work was supported by a grant from the Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of University Medical Centers, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences [CVON-GENIUS-II] to P.C.N.R., a Lilly Research Award Program [LRAP] Award to P.C.N.R. and S.K., a Dutch Heart Foundation [2017T016] grant to S.K., and an NWO-VENI grant [09150161910073] to M.R.B.; J.F.D.B. is supported by the Nutrition and Health initiative of the University of Groningen; Z.Y. is supported by a full-time PhD scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (201806850094 to Z.Y.).

Project description:ObjectiveIncreased plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein B100 often present in patients with insulin resistance and confer increased risk for the development of atherosclerosis. Naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids have antiatherogenic properties. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of the polymethoxylated flavonoid nobiletin on lipoprotein secretion in cultured human hepatoma cells (HepG2) and in a mouse model of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.Research design and methodsLipoprotein secretion was determined in HepG2 cells incubated with nobiletin or insulin. mRNA abundance was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blotting was used to demonstrate activation of cell signaling pathways. In LDL receptor-deficient mice (Ldlr(-/-)) fed a Western diet supplemented with nobiletin, metabolic parameters, gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure were documented. Atherosclerosis was quantitated by histological analysis.ResultsIn HepG2 cells, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-related kinase signaling by nobiletin or insulin increased LDLR and decreased MTP and DGAT1/2 mRNA, resulting in marked inhibition of apoB100 secretion. Nobiletin, unlike insulin, did not induce phosphorylation of the insulin receptor or insulin receptor substrate-1 and did not stimulate lipogenesis. In fat-fed Ldlr(-/-) mice, nobiletin attenuated dyslipidemia through a reduction in VLDL-triglyceride (TG) secretion. Nobiletin prevented hepatic TG accumulation, increased expression of Pgc1? and Cpt1?, and enhanced fatty acid ?-oxidation. Nobiletin did not activate any peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), indicating that the metabolic effects were PPAR independent. Nobiletin increased hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and dramatically attenuated atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus.ConclusionsNobiletin provides insight into treatments for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis associated with insulin-resistant states.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Sodium glucose co-transporter2 inhibitors reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the results of recent cardiovascular outcome studies. Herein, we investigated the effects of long-term treatment with canagliflozin on biochemical and immunohistochemical markers related to atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis development in the aorta of apolipoprotein E knockout (Apo-E(-/-)) mice. METHODS:At the age of 5 weeks, mice were switched from normal to a high-fat diet. After 5 weeks, Apo-E(-/-) mice were divided into control-group (6 mice) treated with 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Cana-group (7 mice) treated with canagliflozin (10 mg/kg per day) per os. After 5 weeks of intervention, animals were sacrificed, and heart and aorta were removed. Sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) were used for histomorphometry whereas Masson's stained tissues were used to quantify the collagen content. Immunohistochemistry to assess MCP-1, CD68, a-smooth muscle actin, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression was carried out and q-PCR experiments were performed to quantify mRNA expression. RESULTS:Canagliflozin-group mice had lower total-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels (P?<?0.01), while heart rate was significantly lower (P?<?0.05). Histomorphometry revealed that one in seven Cana-group mice versus four in six control mice developed atheromatosis, while aortic root plaque was significantly less, and collagen was 1.6 times more intense in canagliflozin-group suggesting increased plaque stability. Immunohistochemistry revealed that MCP-1 was significantly less expressed (P?<?0.05) in the aortic root of canagliflozin-group while reduced expression of a-actin and CD68 was not reaching significance (P?=?0.15). VCAM-1 and MCP-1 mRNA levels were lower (P?=?0.02 and P?=?0.07, respectively), while TIMP-1/MMP-2 ratio expression was higher in canagliflozin-group approaching statistical significance (P?=?0.07). CONCLUSIONS:Canagliflozin attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis, reducing (1) hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, and (2) inflammatory process, by lowering the expression of inflammatory molecules such as MCP-1 and VCAM-1. Moreover, canagliflozin was found to increase the atherosclerotic plaque stability via increasing TIMP-1/MMP-2 ratio expression.

Project description:Background and Purpose: Atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of coronary heart disease. Foam cell, a hallmark of atherosclerosis, is prominently derived from monocyte-differentiated macrophage, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through unlimitedly phagocytizing oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Therefore, the inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelium and uptake of oxLDL might be a breakthrough point for retarding atherosclerosis. Formononetin, an isoflavone extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, has exhibited multiple inhibitory effects on proatherogenic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in different animal models. However, its effect on atherosclerosis remains unknown. In this study, we determined if formononetin can inhibit atherosclerosis and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: ApoE deficient mice were treated with formononetin contained in high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After treatment, mouse aorta, macrophage and serum samples were collected to determine lesions, immune cell profile, lipid profile and expression of related molecules. Concurrently, we investigated the effect of formononetin on monocyte adhesion, foam cell formation, endothelial activation, and macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. Results: Formononetin reduced en face and aortic root sinus lesions size. Formononetin enhanced lesion stability by changing the composition of plaque. VSMC- and macrophage-derived foam cell formation and its accumulation in arterial wall were attenuated by formononetin, which might be attributed to decreased SRA expression and reduced monocyte adhesion. Formononetin inhibited atherogenic monocyte adhesion and inflammation. KLF4 negatively regulated the expression of SRA at transcriptional and translational level. Conclusions: Our study demonstrate that formononetin can substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis via regulation of interplay between KLF4 and SRA, which suggests the formononetin might be a novel therapeutic approach for inhibition of atherosclerosis.

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Cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonism attenuates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice.

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