Histological assessment of developmental cell death in Drosophila pupae.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Velentzas PD
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8091131 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:During Drosophila embryonic development, cell death eliminates 30% of the primordial germ cells (PGCs). Inhibiting apoptosis does not prevent PGC death, suggesting a divergence from the conventional apoptotic program. Here, we demonstrate that PGCs normally activate an intrinsic alternative cell death (ACD) pathway mediated by DNase II release from lysosomes, leading to nuclear translocation and subsequent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs activate the DNA damage-sensing enzyme, Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and the ATR/Chk1 branch of the DNA damage response. PARP-1 and DNase II engage in a positive feedback amplification loop mediated by the release of PAR polymers from the nucleus and the nuclear accumulation of DNase II in an AIF- and CypA-dependent manner, ultimately resulting in PGC death. Given the anatomical and molecular similarities with an ACD pathway called parthanatos, these findings reveal a parthanatos-like cell death pathway active during Drosophila development.
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Project description:During the final stages of Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis fifteen nurse cells, sister cells to the oocyte, degenerate as part of normal development. This process involves at least two cell death mechanisms, caspase-dependent cell death and autophagy, as indicated by apoptosis and autophagy markers. In addition, mutations affecting either caspases or autophagy partially reduce nurse cell removal, leaving behind end-stage egg chambers with persisting nurse cell nuclei. To determine whether apoptosis and autophagy work in parallel to degrade and remove these cells as is the case with salivary glands during pupariation, we generated mutants doubly affecting caspases and autophagy. We found no significant increase in either the number of late stage egg chambers containing persisting nuclei or in the number of persisting nuclei per egg chamber in the double mutants compared to single mutants. These findings suggest that there is another cell death mechanism functioning in the ovary to remove all nurse cell remnants from late stage egg chambers.
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Project description:Interventions: Participants will be intravenously administered 1.8-2.2MBq/kg (maximum 220MBq) of [68Ga]gallium 2,2’-(7-(4-((1-carboxy-4-((1-((carboxymethyl)amino)-3-((2-((4-(dihydroxyarsaneyl)phenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)thio)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-4-oxobutyl)amino)-1-carboxylato-4-oxobutyl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetate (68Ga Cell Death Indicator [68Ga-CDI]) on two occasions, once within 14 days prior to commencing treatment and the second between day 15 and day 20 (inclusive) after commencement of treatment (chemoradiotherapy in the case of oesophageal / gastro-oesophageal and rectal carcinoma and chemotherapy in the case of breast carcinoma and lymphoma).
One hour following each 68Ga-CDI administration, participants will undergo a positron emission tomography (PET) scan where they will lie still on a scanning bed (breathing normally). The scan will take approximately 30 minutes.
68Ga-CDI will be administered by a nuclear medicine specialist or medical radiation scientist. 68Ga-CDI administration and PET scannning will occur at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW.
Primary outcome(s): Tumour uptake of 68Ga-CDI assessed on PET scan.[Tumour uptake of 68Ga-CDI assessed on PET scan performed within 14 days prior to commencement of treatment and then again between 15 and 20 days after commencing treatment.]
Study Design: Purpose: Diagnosis; Allocation: Non-randomised trial; Masking: Open (masking not used);Assignment: Single group;Type of endpoint: Safety/efficacy
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Project description:Overall, the study aims at obtaining a comprehensive picture of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, transcriptome using high-coverage RNA-seq of sexed whole-insect samples collected at different developmental time points. This experiment focuses on transcriptomes of 4 h, 10 h and 20 h old male and female pupae.
2015-04-01 | E-MTAB-2489 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Cell death is a fundamental progress that regulates cell number, tissue homeostasis and organ size in development. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has been evolutionarily conserved from fly to human, and plays essential roles in regulating cell death. To characterize additional genes that regulate JNK signaling, we performed a genetic screen in Drosophila and identified dGLYAT, a novel gene whose function was previously unknown, as a modulator of JNK-mediated cell death. We found that loss of dGLYAT suppressed JNK activation and cell death triggered by over-expression of Egr or Hep, or depletion of puc or lgl in development, suggesting dGLYAT regulates both ectopic and physiological functions of JNK pathway. Furthermore, we showed that loss of dGLYAT inhibits JNK-mediated ROS production, suggesting dGLYAT regulates multiple functions of JNK signaling in vivo.
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Project description:Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) are crucial mediators of the IL-1R/TLR signaling pathways that regulate the immune and inflammation response in mammals. Recent studies also suggest a critical role of IRAKs in tumor development, though the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Pelle is the sole Drosophila IRAK homolog implicated in the conserved Toll pathway that regulates Dorsal/Ventral patterning, innate immune response, muscle development and axon guidance. Here we report a novel function of pll in modulating apoptotic cell death, which is independent of the Toll pathway. We found that loss of pll results in reduced size in wing tissue, which is caused by a reduction in cell number but not cell size. Depletion of pll up-regulates the transcription of pro-apoptotic genes, and triggers caspase activation and cell death. The transcription factor dFoxO is required for loss-of-pll induced cell death. Furthermore, loss of pll activates dFoxO, promotes its translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, and up-regulates the transcription of its target gene Thor/4E-BP. Finally, Pll physically interacts with dFoxO and phosphorylates dFoxO directly. This study not only identifies a previously unknown physiological function of pll in cell death, but also shed light on the mechanism of IRAKs in cell survival/death during tumorigenesis.
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Project description:ObjectivesThe evolutionary conserved JNK pathway plays crucial role in cell death, yet factors that modulate this signalling have not been fully disclosed. In this study, we aim to identify additional factors that regulate JNK signalling in cell death, and characterize the underlying mechanisms.Materials and methodsDrosophila were raised on standard media, and cross was carried out at 25°C. The Gal4/UAS system was used to express proteins or RNAi in a specific temporal and spatial pattern. Gene expression was revealed by GFP fluorescence, X-gal staining or immunostaining of 3rd instar larval eye and wing discs. Cell death was visualized by acridine orange (AO) staining. Images of fly eyes and wings were taken by OLYMPUS microscopes.ResultsWe found that licorne (lic) encoding the Drosophila MKK3 is an essential regulator of JNK-mediated cell death. Firstly, loss of lic suppressed ectopic Egr-triggered JNK activation and cell death in eye and wing development. Secondary, lic is necessary for loss-of-cell polarity-induced, physiological JNK-dependent cell death in wing development. Thirdly, Lic overexpression is sufficient to initiate JNK-mediated cell death in developing eyes and wings. Furthermore, ectopic Lic activates JNK signalling by promoting JNK phosphorylation. Finally, genetic epistatic analysis confirmed that Lic acts in parallel with Hep in the Egr-JNK pathway.ConclusionsThis study not only identified Lic as a novel component of the JNK signalling, but also disclosed the crucial roles and mechanism of Lic in cell death.
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